DIT 002 –

FUNDAMENTALS OF
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

MOD 2 - Data Representation

and Number System
Learning Objectives
• Data Representation
• Converting Binary to Decimal
• Memory
• Number Systems
• Binary representation of integers
• Binary Addition

MOD 2 - Data Representation 2

 Data Representation

• The term data representation means the code or

technique in which the data can be represented.

MOD 2 - Data Representation 3

Data Representation
• How do computers represent data?
 Most computers are digital
 Recognize only two
discrete states: on or off
 Use a binary system to
recognize two states
 Use number system with
two unique digits: 0 and 1,
called bits (short for
binary digits)
 Smallest unit of data
computer can process
Data Representation
• What is a byte?
 Eight bits grouped together as a unit
 Provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s
to represent 256 individual characters
 Numbers
 Uppercase
and lowercase
letters
 Punctuation
marks
Converting Binary to Decimal
• Decimal number system is base 10
• 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
• Uses 10 numbers
Power of 10 23,625
representation 104 103 102 101 100

Decimal
representation 10000 1000 100 10 1

Base 10 20,000 3,000 600 20 5

representation
Converting Binary to Decimal
Binary number system is base 2
 0, 1
 Uses 2 numbers
10010001 = 145

Base 2
representation 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Decimal
representation 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Base 2
representation 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Converting Decimal
• Convert decimal 35 to binary
to Binary
1.Using 8 bits, find largest power of 2 that will “fit” into 35
2.Place a 1 into that slot
3.If the # doesn’t fit, place a 0 into that slot

Power of 2
representation 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
representation
Base 2
representation 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

35 = 00100011
Convert Binary to Decimal
1.Choose an 8 bit binary number = 10101110
2.Write the binary digits under the correct column
3.For each column with a 1, you will add that decimal value
4.You will not add the values of the columns you entered 0
Power of 2
representation 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Decimal
representation 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Base 2
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
representation

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 174 10101110 = 174

Data Representation
•What are three popular coding systems to represent data?
 ASCII—American Standard Code for Information Interchange
 EBCDIC—Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
 Unicode—coding scheme capable of representing all
world’s languages

ASCII Symbol EBCDIC

00110000 0 11110000
00110001 1 11110001
00110010 2 11110010
00110011 3 11110011
Data Representation
• How is a letter converted to binary form and back?
Step 1.
The user presses Step 2.
the capital letter An electronic signal for the
D (shift+D key) capital letter D is sent to the
on the keyboard. system unit.

Step 4. Step 3.
After processing, the binary The signal for the capital letter D
code for the capital letter D is is converted to its ASCII binary
converted to an image, and code (01000100) and is stored in
displayed on the output device. memory for processing.
Memory
• What is memory?
Seat #2B4 Seat #2B3

 Electronic components that

store instructions, data, and
results
 Consists of one or
more chips on
motherboard or
other circuit board
 Each byte stored
in unique location
called an address,
similar to addresses
on a passenger train
Memory
 Stores three basic categories of items:
1. OS and system software
2. Application programs
3. Data and information
 Byte is basic storage unit in memory
 To access data or instructions in memory, computer references the
address that contain the bytes of data
 Manufacturers state the size of memory and storage devices in terms
of number of bytes available
Memory
• How is memory measured?
 By number of bytes available for storage
 KB = 1024 bytes

Term Abbreviation Approximate Size

Kilobyte KB or K 1 thousand bytes
Megabyte MB 1 million bytes
Gigabyte GB 1 billion bytes
Terabyte TB 1 trillion bytes
Name Abbr. Size

Kilo K 2^10 = 1,024

Mega M 2^20 = 1,048,576

Giga G 2^30 = 1,073,741,824

Tera T 2^40 = 1,099,511,627,776

Peta P 2^50 = 1,125,899,906,842,624

Exa E 2^60 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976

Zetta Z 2^70 = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424

Yotta Y 2^80 = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176

 Number Systems

Number systems are very important to understand because the

design and organization of a computer depends on the number
systems. The four kind of number system used by the digital
computer –
1.Decimal number system
2.Binary number system
3.Octal number system
4.Hexadecimal number system
 Decimal Number System

The decimal number system consists of 10 digits namely 0 to

9.
Since the decimal number system consists of 10 digits, the
base or radix of this system is 10.
e.g (405)10 , (145.25)10
 Octal Number System

The octal number system consists of 8 digits namely 0 to 7.

Since the Octal number system consists of 8 digits, the base or
radix of this system is 8.
e.g (76)8 , (55.25)8
 Binary Number System

The binary number system consists of 2 digits namely 0 and 1.

Since the binary number system consists of 2 digits, the base or
radix of this system is 2.
e.g (101)2 , (1001.11)2
 Hexadecimal Number System

The Hexadecimal number system, popularly known as Hex

system has 16 symbols, therefore its base/radix in 16.
The 16 symbols used in Hexadecimal system are
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
e.g (45)16, (11A)16
 Conversion between Number
Systems

Decimal into Binary

Step 1. Divide the decimal number by the base of binary using
the repeated-division method.
Step 2. Note the remainder separately.
Step 3. Arrange the remainder in an order where the first
remainder noted is LSD and the last remainder is MSD.
 Conversion between Number
Systems
Decimal into Binary (Contd…)
 Conversion between Number
Systems

Decimal into Octal

Step 1. Divide the decimal number by the base of octal using
the repeated-division method.
Step 2. Note the remainder separately.
Step 3. Arrange the remainder in an order where the first
remainder noted is LSD and the last remainder is MSB.
Conversion between Number
Systems

Decimal into Octal (Contd…)

 Conversion between Number
Systems

Decimal into Hexadecimal

Step 1. Divide the decimal number by the base of Hexadecimal
using the repeated-division method.
Step 2. Note the remainder separately.
Step 3. Arrange the remainder in an order where the first
remainder noted is LSD and the last remainder is MSB.
Conversion between Number
Systems

Decimal into Hexadecimal (Contd…)

16

16
 Conversion between Number
Systems
Decimal real number into Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal

Step 1. Multiply the fractional part by the base of the numbers

system (2, 8 or 16).
Step 2. Remove the whole number from the product (the result
of the multiplication) and collect it separately.
Step 3. Repeat the step 1 and 2 with the new fractional part till
the fractional part becomes zero.
 Conversion between Number
Systems
Binary to Decimal

Any binary number can be converted into decimal number

using the weights assigned to each bit.
e.g. (11011)2
Its decimal equivalent is
1x24+1x23+0x22+1x21+1x20 = (27)10
 Conversion between Number
Systems
Binary to Octal

1.Indirect Method:
Binary  Decimal  Octal
e.g. (11011)2
Its decimal equivalent is
1x24+1x23+0x22+1x21+1x20 = (27)10
And its Octal equivalent is (33)8 (division method)
 Conversion between Number
Systems
Binary to Octal (Contd…)

2. Direct Method
Binary  Octal
Step 1: Make the group of 3-bits from right to left for integer from left to
right for fraction.
Step 2: Find decimal equivalent of each group.

Note: if the left most group (in integer) and the right most group (in
fraction) present with less than 3-bits make that group by adding one or
two zeros.
 Conversion between Number
Systems
Binary to Octal (Contd…)

Direct Method: e.g.

Binary  Octal
e.g. (101111)2 = (? )8
(101111)2 = (57)8
 Conversion between Number
Systems
Binary to Hexa

1.Indirect Method:
Binary  Decimal  Hexa
e.g. (11011)2
Its decimal equivalent is
1x24+1x23+0x22+1x21+1x20 = (27)10
And its Hexa equivalent is (1B)16 (Division method)
 Conversion between Number
Systems
Binary to Hexa

2. Direct Method:
Binary  Hexa
Step 1: Make the group of 4-bits from right to left for integer from left to
right for fraction.
Step 2: Find decimal equivalent of each group.

Note: if the left most group (in integer) and the right most group (in
fraction) present with less than 4-bits make that group by adding one, two
or three zeros.
 Conversion between Number
Systems
Binary to Hexa

Direct Method: e.g.

Binary  Hexa
e.g. (101111)2 = (? )16
(0010 1111)2 = (215)16 = (2F)16
 Conversion between Number
Systems
Octal to Decimal

Any octal number can be converted into decimal number using

the weights assigned to each bit.
e.g. (75)8
Its decimal equivalent is
7x81+5x80 = (61)10
 Conversion between Number
Systems
Octal to Binary

Any octal number can be converted into binary number by

converting each bit of octal into its equivalent 3-bit binary
number.
e.g. (75)8
Its binary equivalent is (111101)2
 Conversion between Number
Systems
Octal to Hexa

Octal  Binary  Hexa

Step1. Convert each digit of the octal into its 3 bit binary
equivalent.
Step2. Combine all the 3-bit binary equivalents to form the
entire binary sequence.
Step3. Make group of 4 bits staring from LSD. The extra zeros
for the completion of a group are placed at the leftmost end of
the number.
Step 4. Convert each of the 4-bit groups into their hexadecimal
equivalents.
 Conversion between Number
Systems
Octal to Hexa (Contd…)

Octal  Binary  Hexa

 Conversion between Number
Systems
Hexa to decimal
 Conversion between Number
Systems
Hexa to binary
 Binary representation of integers

Binary equivalent of the integers are stored in memory

including one additional bit for representing the sign of
integers (positive or negative).
If the binary equivalent of the integer includes one additional
bit for representing its sign, that binary number is called
signed binary number.
 Binary representation of integers

There are three ways for representing the positive and negative
integers into its binary equivalent.
1.Sign magnitude representation
2.One’s Complement
3.Two’s Complement
 Binary representation of integers

1.Sign magnitude representation

In the sign magnitude representation, positive number have a
additional bit (sign bit) 0, while the negative number has a sign
bit 1, while the magnitude is a simple binary equivalent of the
number.
E.g. +5 and -5 can be representing in 6 bit register as:
+5 = 0 00101 and -5 = 1 00101
Binary representation of integers

Note: In every representation technique ,

the representation of positive number is
identical to that used in the sign
magnitude system i.e simple binary form
including sign bit 0.
 Binary representation of integers

2. One’s Complement representation

In one's complement, positive numbers are represented as usual in
signed magnitude. However, negative numbers are represented
differently. To negate a number, replace all zeros with ones, and
ones with zeros - flip the bits.
+12 = 0 0001100, and -12 = 1 1110011.
 Binary representation of integers

3. Two’s Complement representation

In two's complement, positive numbers are represented as usual in
signed magnitude. However, negative numbers are represented by
adding 1 in magnitude part of one’s complement.
+12= 0 0001100
-12 = 1 1110011 (1’s complement)
-12 = 1 1110100 (2’s complement)
Binary Addition

Rule for Binary Addition:

0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 0 (Carry 1)
 Binary Addition

Example:

Add 110101 and 101111

1 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0
Binary Addition

Example:

Add 10110 and 1101

1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1
***END***

MOD 2 - Data Representation 52