Sam Kollannore U
Assistant Professor
MES College
Marampally
Arrays
:
An array is a collection of data that holds
fixed number of values of same type.
The size and type of arrays
cannot be changed after its declaration.
For Example : If you want to store
marks of 100 students you can create an
array for it.
float marks[100];
Some examples where the concept of
an array can be used:
• List of temperatures recorded every hour in a day,
or a month
or a year.
• List of employees in an organization.
• List of products and their cost sold by a store.
• Test scores of a class of students.
• List of customers and their telephone numbers.
• Table of daily rainfall data.
How to declare an array in C?
Syntax:
data-type array-name[array-
size];
For example:
float mark[5];
Here we have declared an array, mark, of floating
point type and size 5. i.e. It holds 5 floating point
values.
Elements of an array and How to access
them?
You can access elements of an array by indices.
Suppose you declared an array mark as above. The
first element is mark[0], second element is mark[1] and so
on.
Few Key points:
• Arrays have 0 as the first index not 1. In this
example, mark[0].
• If the size of an array is n, to access the last element, (n-1)
index is used. In this example, mark[4].
• Suppose the starting address of mark[0] is 2120d. Then, the
next address, mark[1], will be 2124d, address of mark[2] will
be 2128d and so on. Its because the size of a float is 4 bytes.
How to Initialize an
array?
Its possible to initialize an array during declaration.
For example:
int mark[5] = {9,4,6,3,5};
Another method of initialize array during declaration
int mark[ ] ={9,4,6,3,5};
Here,
mark[0] is equal to 9
mark[1] is equal to 4
mark[2] is equal to
6 mark[3] is equal
to 3 mark[4] is
equal to 5
Important thing to remember when working with
arrays:
Suppose you declared
int an arraytestArray[10];
of 10 elements. Lets say,
You can use the array members from testArray[0] to
testArray[9].
If you try to access array elements outside of its bound, lets
say testArray[12], the compiler may not show any error.
However, this may cause unexpected output (undefined
behavior).
Arrays are of three
types:
1. One-dimensional arrays.
2. Two-dimensional arrays.
3. Multidimensional arrays.
One-dimensional Array
A list of item can be given one variable name using only one
subscript and such a variable is called a single subscripted variable
or a one dimensional array
The Syntax for an array declaration is:
data-type variable-name[size];
Example:
float height[50];
int group[10];
char name[10];
The type specifies the type of the element that will be
contained in the array, such as int, float, or char and the size
indicates the maximum number of elements that can be stored
inside the array.
Now as we declare a array
int number[5];
Then the computer reserves five storage
locations as the size of the array is 5 as show below.
Reserved Space Storing values after Initialization
35
number[0] number[0]
20
40
number[1] number[1]
57
number[2] number[2] 19
Initialization of one dimensional
array:
After an array is declared, its elements must be
initialized. In C programming an array can be initialized at
either of the following stages:
At
compile time At
run time
Compile Time
Initialization:
The general form of initialization of array is:
type array-name[size] ={list of values};
The values in the list are separated by commas.
For example:
int number[3] = {0,5,4};
will declare the variable ‘number’ as an array of size 3 and
assign the values to each elements
If the number of values in the list is less than the number of
elements, then only that many elements will be initialized
The remaining elements will be set to zero automatically.
Remember, if we have more initializers than the declared
size, the compiler will produce an error.
Run time
initialization:
An array can also be explicitly initialized at run time.
For example consider the following segment of a c program.
Let x be the name of the array.
int x[10];
for (i=0 ; i < 10 ; i ++)
{
scanf ( “ % d ”, &x [i] );
}
In the run time initialization of the arrays looping statements
are almost compulsory.
Looping statements are used to initialize the values of the arrays
one by one using assignment operator or through the keyboard
by the user.
One dimensional Array
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int array[5];
printf (“Enter 5 numbers to store them in the array \n”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
scanf (“%d”, &array[i]);
}
printf(“Element in the array are: \n”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf(“Element stored at a[%d]:%d \n”, i , array[i]);
}
}
Input
: Enter 5 elements to store them in the array:
23 45 32 25 45
Output:
Element in the array are:
Element stored at a[0]:23
Element stored at a[1]:45
Element stored at a[2]:32
Element stored at a[3]:25
Element stored at a[4]:45
Two-dimensional Arrays:
The simplest form of multidimensional array is the two-dimensional
array
A two-dimensional array is, in essence a list of one-dimensional
arrays.
To declare a two- dimensional integer array of size [x][y],
you would write something as follows:
data-type arrayName[x][y];
Where data-type can be any valid C data type and arrayName will
be a valid C identifier
A two-dimensional array can be considered as
a table which will have x number of rows and y number of
columns.
A two-dimensional array a[3][4], contains three
rows and four columns can be shown as follows.
Column 0 Column 1 Column 2
Column
a[0][0] 3 a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3]
Row 0
a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3]
Row 1
a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3]
Row 2
Thus, every element in the array a is identified
by an element name of the form a[i][j].
where ‘a’ is the name of the array, and ‘i’ and ‘j’
are the subscripts that uniquely identify each element in ‘a’.
Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays:
Multidimensional arrays may be
initialized by specifying bracketed values for each row.
Following is an array with 3 rows and each
row has 4 columns.
int a[3][4] = {
{0,1,2,3},
{4,5,6,7},
{8,9,10,11}
};
The nested braces, which indicate the intended
row, are optional. The following initialization is equivalent
to the previous example
int a[3][4] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11};
Accessing Two-Dimensional Array
Elements:
An element in a two-dimensional array is
accessed by using the subscripts. i.e., row index and
column index of the array.
For Example:
int val = a[2][3];
The above statement will take the 4 th element
from the 3 rd row of the array.
Two-Dimensional Arrays program:
#include<stdio.h> Output:
void main()
{
a[0][0]: 0
int a[5][2]={{0,0},
{1,2},{2,4},{3,6}, a[0][1]: 0
{4,8}}; a[1][0]: 1
int i, j; a[1][1]: 2
for(i=0;i<5;i++) a[2][0]: 2
{ a[2][1]: 4
for(j=0;j<2;j++) a[3][0]: 3
{
a[3][1]: 6
printf(“a[%d] a[4][0]: 4
[%d] : %d\n”, i, j, a[4][1]: 8
a[i][j]);
}
Multi-Dimensional
Arrays:
C programming language supports multidimensional Arrays.
Multi dimensional arrays have more than one
subscript variables.
Multi dimensional array is also called as matrix.
Multi dimensional arrays are array of arrays.
Declaration of Multidimensional
Array A multidimensional array is declared using the
following syntax
Syntax:
data-type array-name[d1][d2][d3]
[d4]....[dN];
Above statement will declare an array of N
dimensions of name array-name, where each element of
array is of type data-type.
The maximum number of elements that can be
stored in a multi dimensional array array_name is
size1 × size2 × size3 . . . sizeN.
For example:
char cube[50][60][30];
Multidimensional Array
program:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int r, c, a[50][50], b[50][50],
sum[50][50], i, j;
printf("\t\n Multi-dimensional array");
printf("\n Enter the row matrix:");
scanf("%d", &r);
printf("\n Enter the col matrix:");
scanf("%d", &c);
printf("\n Elements of A matrix");
for(i=0; i < r; ++i)
for(j=0; j < c; ++j)
{
printf("\n a[%d][%d]:", i+1, j+1);
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
}
printf("\n Elements of B matrix");
for(i=0 ; i<r ;++i)
for(j=0 ; j<c ;++j)
{
printf("\n b[%d][%d]:", i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d", &b[i][j]);
}
printf("\n Addition of matrix");
for(i=0;i<r; i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c;j++) sum[i]
[j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
}
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<c;j+
+)
{
printf("\t
%d",sum[i][j]);
}
printf("\n\t");
if(j==c-1)
{
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
Outpu
t Multidimensional array
Enter the row matrix:2
Enter the col matrix:2
Element
of A matrix a[1]
[1]:1
a[1]
[2]:4
a[2]
[1]:6
Element of B matrix
b[1][1]:1
b[1][2]:7
b[2][1]:3
b[2][2]:9
Addition of a
matrix
2 is 11
9 12
1. Find greatest of two numbers
2. Check odd or even
3. Sum of numbers less than N
4. Generation of Fibonacci series
5. Checking of a prime
6. Prime number series generation
7. Temperature conversion
8. Reversing a given number
9. Checking whether a number is Armstrong or not
10. Addition of all the digits of a given number
11. Roots of quadratic equation
12. Calculator program using switch statement
13. Finding the largest and smallest among a list of numbers
14. Linear searching
15. Sorting a set of numbers in ascending order
16. Sorting in descending order
17. Matrix addition and subtraction
18. Matrix multiplication
19. Check for Identity Matrix
20. Transpose of a matrix
21. Find the binary equivalent of a given decimal and vice versa
