Dimensionality
Reduction
Visualizations
PCA AND T-SNE
Introduction to
Dimensionality Reduction
Overview of high-dimensional data challenges.
Importance of reducing dimensions for
visualization and analysis.
What is Principal Component
Analysis (PCA)?
Definition and purpose of PCA.
Linear technique for dimensionality reduction.
Mathematics Behind PCA
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Covariance matrix computation.
Steps in PCA
Standardizing data.
Calculating covariance matrix.
Computing eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Selecting principal components.
Visualizing PCA Results
2D and 3D scatter plots.
Explained variance ratio.
Example: PCA on the Iris
Dataset
Applying PCA to the Iris dataset.
Visualizing the first two principal components.
Limitations of PCA
Assumption of linearity.
Sensitivity to outliers.
Introduction to t-Distributed
Stochastic Neighbor
Embedding (t-SNE)
Definition and purpose of t-SNE.
Non-linear dimensionality reduction technique.
Mathematics Behind t-SNE
Probability distributions in high and low
dimensions.
Kullback-Leibler divergence.
Steps in t-SNE
Calculating pairwise similarities.
Constructing low-dimensional mapping.
Optimization using gradient descent.
Visualizing t-SNE Results
2D scatter plots.
Cluster identification.
Example: t-SNE on the MNIST
Dataset
Applying t-SNE to the MNIST dataset.
Visualizing digit clusters.
Limitations of t-SNE
Computational complexity.
Difficulty in preserving global structure.
PCA vs. t-SNE
Comparison of linear vs. non-linear methods.
Use cases for each technique.
When to Use PCA
High-dimensional linear data.
Preprocessing for other algorithms.
When to Use t-SNE
Non-linear data structures.
Visualizing complex datasets.
Combining PCA and t-SNE
Using PCA for initial dimensionality reduction.
Applying t-SNE for detailed visualization.
Practical Considerations
Choosing the right technique based on data.
Parameter tuning for optimal results.
Case Study: Customer
Segmentation
Applying PCA and t-SNE to customer data.
Identifying distinct customer segments.
Case Study: Image
Compression
Using PCA for image data compression.
Visualizing compressed images.
Advanced Topics in
Dimensionality Reduction
Introduction to UMAP (Uniform Manifold
Approximation and Projection).
Comparison with PCA and t-SNE.
Tools and Libraries
Python libraries: scikit-learn, TensorFlow, Keras.
Visualization tools: Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly.
Implementing PCA in Python
Code example using scikit-learn.
Visualizing results with Matplotlib.
Implementing t-SNE in Python
Code example using scikit-learn.
Visualizing results with Seaborn.
Best Practices
Data preprocessing techniques.
Interpreting and validating results.
Future Directions
Emerging techniques in dimensionality reduction.
Integration with machine learning workflows.
Conclusion
Summary of key points.
Encouragement for further exploration.
