School of Computing Science and Engineering
Course Code : E2UC102C Name: Programming for Problem Solving
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND
ALGORITHMS
FLOWCHART
Name of the Faculty: Tarachand Verma Program Name:B.Tech(CSE)
Objectives
• Introduction to Flow Chart
• Structures of Flowchart
• Sequence
• Decision
• Repetition
• Case
Introduction to FlowChart
3
Introduction to FlowChart
START
Display message
“How many
hours did you
• A flowchart is a diagram that work?”
depicts the “flow” of a program. Read Hours
• The figure shown here is a Display message
flowchart for the pay-calculating
“How much do
you get paid per
hour?”
program
Read PayRate
Multiply Hours
by PayRate.
Store result in
GrossPay.
Display
GrossPay
END
4
Basic Flowchart Symbols
START Terminal
Display message
“How many
hours did you
work?”
• Terminals Read Hours
• represented by rounded Display message
rectangles “How much do
you get paid per
• indicate a starting or hour?”
ending point
Read PayRate
Multiply Hours
by PayRate.
START Store result in
GrossPay.
Display
GrossPay
END Terminal
END
5
Basic Flowchart Symbols
START
Display message
“How many
hours did you
work?”
• Input/Output Operations Read Hours
• represented by Display message
parallelograms “How much do
you get paid per
Input/Output
Operation
• indicate an input or hour?”
output operation
Read PayRate
Multiply Hours
by PayRate.
Display message Store result in
GrossPay.
“How many
Read Hours
hours did you Display
GrossPay
work?”
END
6
Introduction to Flowchart
START
Display message
“How many
hours did you
work?”
• Processes Read Hours
• represented by rectangles Display message
• indicates a process such as “How much do
you get paid per
a mathematical hour?”
computation or variable
assignment Read PayRate
Multiply Hours
by PayRate.
Process Store result in
Multiply Hours GrossPay.
by PayRate.
Store result in Display
GrossPay
GrossPay.
END
7
Structures of Flowchart
• Sequence
• Decision
• Repetition
• Case
8
Sequence
• A series of actions are performed in sequence
• The pay-calculating example was a sequence flowchart.
9
Decision Structure
• The flowchart segment below shows how a decision structure is expressed in C++
as an if/else statement.
Flowchart C Code
Yes No if (x > y)
x>y? printf(“X is bigger”);
else
printf(“Y is bigger”);
X is Big Y is Big
10
Decision Structure
• The flowchart segment below shows a decision structure with only one action to
perform. It is expressed as an if statement in C++ code.
Flowchart C++ Code
NO YES if (x < y)
x < y? a = x * 2;
Calculate a
as x times 2.
11
Repetition Structure
• The flowchart segment below shows a repetition structure expressed in C++ as a
while loop.
Flowchart C Code
while (x < y)
YES x=x+1;
x<y? Add 1 to x
No
12
Controlling a Repetition Structure
• The action performed by a repetition structure must eventually cause the loop to
terminate. Otherwise, an infinite loop is created.
• In this flowchart segment, x is never changed. Once the loop starts, it will never
end.
• QUESTION: How can this
flowchart be modified so
it is no longer an infinite YES
loop? x < y? Display x
13
Controlling a Repetition Structure
• ANSWER: By adding an action within the repetition that changes the value of x.
YES
x < y? Display x Add 1 to x
14
Case Structure
If years_employed = 2, If years_employed = 3,
bonus is set to 200 bonus is set to 400
If years_employed = 1, CASE If years_employed is
years_employed more than 3, bonus is
bonus is set to 100
set to 800
1 2 3 Other
bonus = 100 bonus = 200 bonus = 400 bonus = 800
15
Connectors
•The “A” connector
indicates that the second START A
flowchart segment begins
where the first segment
ends.
END
A
16
Modules
START
•The position of the module
symbol indicates the point the Read Input.
module is executed.
•A separate flowchart can be Call calc_pay
constructed for the module. function.
Display results.
END
17
Combining Structures
• This flowchart segment
shows two decision
structures combined. NO YES
x > min?
Display “x is NO YES
outside the limits.”
x < max?
Display “x is Display “x is
outside the limits.” within limits.”
18
Review
• What do each of the following symbols represent?
(Answer on next slide)
19
Introduction to FlowChart
• What do each of the following symbols represent?
Decision
Terminal
Input/Output
Operation Connector
Process Module
20
Example- Adding Two Numbers
21
Example- Finding an Item
Example
23
References
• E. Balagurusamy 7th Edition, Programming ANSI C, McGraw-Hill
• Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie, The C programming Language,
Prentice-Hall in 1988
• Byron Gottfried, Programming with C, Schaum's Outline
Program Name: B.Tech (CSE)
