Reading and Writing Skills
Patterns of
Development
PRESENTED BY: Ms. Jonah Lette V. Plan, LPT
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
DESCRIPTION NARRATION PROBLEM SOLUTION
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST CAUSE AND EFFECT
DEFINITION
PERSUASIION
EXEMPLIFICATION/CLASSIFICATION
A pattern of development in writing refers to
the particular strategy writers use to
develop ideas.
LEARNING To USE THESE PATTERNS
oF DEVELoPmENT IN WRITING IS NOT DIFFIcULT.
YOU WILL NEED TO FAmILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH KEY
TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS THAT SEND A
SIGNAL TO THE READER THAT A
PARTIcULAR PATTERN IS BEING USED,
AND YOU WILL NEED TO mAKE CONSCIOUS DECISIONS
ABOUT WHICH STRATEGIES BEST DEVELOPS YOUR IDEAS.
HTTP://SRJCSTAFF.SANTAROSA.EDU/~JRO
YAL/PARAGRAPHS/PATTERNSDEV/PATTERNS.HTmL
DISCRIPTION The kind of words we
According to Dayagbil & used to describe how
et al, 2016, the use of your subject looks,
description plays an sounds, feels, smells or
EXAMPLE even tastes like are called
important role to
elucidate the nature of "It was a dark and sensory languages. It
people, places and stormy night," or also concerns how you
things. A series of will arrange the details to
"The mountains
detailed observation provide an image of the
about the subject can loomed above scene, the person or the
help you create a good them." object you are trying to
descriptive paragraph. describe in your text.
OBJECTIVE SUBJECTIVE
here the writer gives personal impression
objective description, where the writer
of what is observed. This is often used in
presents impartial and actual picture of the
making fiction stories.
subject without biases and excluding personal
impression of the subject just like when you
give your description of an experiment in
class.
Caroline, or Sister Carrie, as she had been half The Acer barbatum is a small to medium-sized, deciduous
afffectionately termed by the family, was possessed of a tree usually ranging from 15–25 m. (50–80 ft.) tall when
mind rudimentary in its power of observation and analysis. mature. Bark is light gray and smooth on younger trees,
Self-interest with her was high, but not strong. It was
becoming ridged and furrowed with age. Leaves are opposite
nevertheless, her guiding characteristic. Warm with the
fancies of youth, pretty with the insipid prettiness of the
and shallowly to deeply palmately lobed, with a few blunt
formative period, possessed of a figure promising eventual teeth but no serrations.
shapeliness and an eye alight with certain native
intelligence, she was a fair example of the middle American
class . . . " (Dreiser 1)
NARRATION
A narrative text contains the plot which gives direction in making a story.
In developing narration, sequential presentation of events plays an important role. Signal
words help to create unified thought and to show the transition of events to the next. This
leads us to focus on the use of the action words in the story. It also helps to move the story and
makes the story interesting.
SpŁCEFEC / GŁßŁeRL COßCeŁcŁ / RBSceRCc
blue hamster / pet He kissed her and smiled into her eyes. / He loved her.
banana squash / Her hands were shaking and she was afraid her knees would
not support her. / She was scared.
vegetable As the sun passed under the horizon, the sky turned hot pink
and gold, and rays of brighter gold fanned across the sky into
red and white umbrella the high clouds above. / It was a beautiful sunset.
with a broken spoke /
rain gear
Example of Narrative paragraph
Excerpt The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain
I took up the river road as hard as I could put. By and
by I begin to hear guns a good ways off. When I came
in sight of the log store and the woodpile where the
steamboats lands, I worked along under the trees and
brush till I got to a good place, and then I clumb up
into the forks of a cottonwood that was out of reach,
and watched. There was a wood-rank four foot high a
little ways in front of the tree, and first I was going
to hide behind that; but maybe it was luckier I didn't.
A narrative paragraph
contains action verbs
or transition words.
Usually indicate time
or sequence
https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/
transitions/
DEFINITION
Definitions provide concise but exact
meanings of unfamiliar words and explain
special meanings for familiar words. They
are often used to explain technical words
and concepts. What to define always
depends on the needs of the reader and the
purpose of communication. It can be done in
either of the two distinct methods of
definition.
Formal
Informal Definition: Definition:
formal definition consists of three principal parts:
informal definition as either denotation or the species (WORD) n + Genus (CLASS) +
connotation. Denotation is the dictionary meaning Differentiae. The WORD is the name of the
of the word. For example: Rose is a family of
object, process, or concept defined. This is usually
prickly shrub with pinnate leaves and showy
flowers. Meanwhile, connotation is the secondary
followed by “is” and “are” and the CLASS or
meaning of a word and not necessarily included in general group to which the objects belongs. For
the dictionary. Rather it is how a writer example: Skimming (species) is a reading
understands a word based on their own personal technique (class) of allowing the eyes to travel
or consensual experiences. In the example: A over a page very quickly, stopping only here and
dozen of pink roses is usually given to their there to gain an idea (differentiae)..
beloved ones. Instead of literally referring to
flowers, love and romance are connoted.
EXEMPLIFICATION / CLASSIFICATION/
ILLUSTRATION
-Exemplification (or illustration) is the most common and effective pattern to
explain an idea or point. In developing this kind of paragraph, the writer develops
a general statement –the topic sentence, with one or more examples to support it.
(for instance, namely, to be specify, to clarify, to illustrate, for example, in short, as
an example)
-Classification is used when a writer needs to sort out or arrange subjects to
groups or categories based on their common and shared characteristics.
(classified as, one kind, the last group, another kind, another, final type, the first
category, are categorized as, the next part.)
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
-Comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar while contrast in writing
discusses elements or ideas that are different. A compare-and-contrast essay, then
analyzes two subjects comparing them, contrasting them, or both. However, its purpose
is not to simply state the obvious but rather to illustrate subtle differences or unexpected
similarities between two subjects.
-As a writer, you should help the readers see how these two ideas are similar or different
by showing them its advantages and disadvantages so they are able to weigh the pros
and cons before they make judgment or decision. Take a look at this example.
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
The Block Method is used to compare and contrast two subjects one at a time. You may
begin by saying everything you have to say about the first subject you are discussing
then move on and write everything about your second subject. If you are writing a short
paragraph or essay, you might be able to fit all of your points about each item. However,
if you would want to address one subject at a time, you may use Point-by-point
comparison.
Some cohesive devices you can use in showing similarities are likewise, similar to, same
with, like, in the same manner. To show contrast, cue words such as: on the other hand,
however, while, different with, in contrast and the like.
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Cause and Effect is a text development pattern which explains why something
happens. It also states what results a particular event produces. It usually gives a
statement emphasizing the cause and another emphasizing the effect. The
following guide questions can be used for cause-effect development:
Why did it happen?
What caused it?
What does it cause?
What are the effects?
How is it related to something else?
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
A problem/solution essay presents a problem, usually discussing several aspects
of the problem, then concludes by discussing solutions to the problem. The
problem may be addressed in the following ways:
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
The solutions may be presented in various ways and you have to think about
which way would be the most appropriate for the particular problem you are
discussing. Here are some ways to present solutions:
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
:
PERSUASIVE
Persuasive text can be in the form of an argument, discussion, exposition, review or
even an advertisement.
In developing your own persuasive text, a writer must first state the issue. This will
serve as a background information about the topic. Then, it should
be followed by a clear, strong and specific argument.
An argument is one’s claim or position that can either support or reject the issue
previously stated. Arguments shall be supported with a well-researched evidences,
which will give details on how and why it supports the argument. Evidences can be
factual, logical, statistical or anecdotal in nature. It can also explain counterarguments
not because the writer wants to prove which claims are wrong or right but to enlighten
the readers about other positions.
PERSUASIVE
Lastly, a conclusion restating the main argument of the text will be the end of the
text. This will be your final statement to persuade your readers.
Some guide questions in constructing a persuasive text include:
What is the issue?
What is your position or opinion?
What is the opposing position/opinion?
What are some reasons for your position/opinion?
What are some cases or examples that support this?
- Benjamin Franklin
cell me and E forget,
teach me and E may
remember, involveme and
E learn.
- Benjamin Franklin
