Computer Application
Areas and
Technological Trends
MR. ASOKERE MAUTON
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, CSC 103
LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY 1
Course Overview
Brief Introduction to Computer and software packages
Trends in Computer Technology
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WHAT IS A COMPUTER ?
A computer is a programmable electronic device designed
to accept data, process the data based on set of instructions
and output the results. It can perform a wide range of tasks
including calculations, data storage, and communication.
Mainframes, desktop and laptops, tablets and smartphones
are some of the different types of computers.
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Computers and their Generations
FIRST SECOND FOURTH
GENERATION GENERATION THIRD GENERATION GENERATION
(1940 - 1956) (1956 - 1964) (1964 - 1971) (1971 - Present)
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Hardware and Software
Computer hardware
Software
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Hardware
Computer hardware refers to the physical components that make up a
computer system. These components work together to perform various tasks and
functions.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Motherboard,
Memory (RAM),
Power Supply Unit,
Graphics Processing Unit, etc..
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Hardware Components
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Software
Computer software refers to the collection of programs, data, and instructions
that tell a computer how to perform a specific tasks.
Unlike hardware, which consists of the physical components of a computer,
software is intangible and exists in the form of code. Software can be
categorized into several types, each serving different purposes.
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Software
Software is sub divided into three 3
System Software, Utility Software, Application Software
System Software: manages computer hardware
• Operating Systems (OS) – Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS
• Firmware – Software embedded in devices like BIOS, router firmware
• Device Drivers – Printer driver, Graphics driver
Utility software: system software that helps optimize, manage, and maintain a computer’s performance
Application Software: Designed for users to perform specific tasks.
Productivity Software – Microsoft Office, Google Docs, Evernote
Multimedia Software – Adobe Photoshop, VLC Media Player
Web Browsers – Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari
Communication Tools – Zoom, Microsoft Teams, WhatsApp
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Trending Application Areas
1. Artificial Intelligence
2. Quantum Computing
3. Cloud Computing
4. Blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT)
5. Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
6. 5G Technology
7. Cybersecurity
8. Edge Computing
9. Sustainability in Computing
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence in machines, enabling
them to learn, reason, and make decisions. It powers technologies like chatbots, smart
assistants, recommendation systems, and self-driving cars. AI is transforming industries
by automating tasks, improving efficiency, and enabling advanced problem-solving.
AI is everywhere, reshaping how we interact with technology. From smart assistants like
Siri and Alexa to AI-driven recommendations on Netflix and Amazon, people use AI daily,
often without realizing it.
Beyond personal use, AI plays a major role in industries like healthcare, manufacturing,
and agriculture, improving efficiency and decision-making.
It enables automation in businesses and helps applications learn and adapt over time. AI
is also driving new job opportunities and business innovations. 11
Quantum Computing
Quantum computing is a revolutionary type of computing that uses the principles of
quantum mechanics to process information.
quantum computers use qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously due to
superposition not traditional methods
They also leverage entanglement,, allowing qubits to be interconnected, enabling faster
and more complex computations.
This makes quantum computers extremely powerful for solving problems like
cryptography, drug discovery, and optimization that are too difficult for classical
computers. While still in early development, quantum computing has the potential to
transform industries and scientific research.
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Leading tech giants like Google and IBM have invested heavily in this technology.
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—such as storage,
processing power, and applications—over the internet instead of relying on
local hardware.
It allows users to access data and software from anywhere, using remote
servers hosted by providers like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google
Cloud, and Microsoft Azure.
Cloud computing offers three main service models:
A. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): for virtual computing resources,
B. Platform as a Service (PaaS): for software development platforms, and
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Software as a Service (SaaS): for web-based applications like Google Drive
and Dropbox. It enhances flexibility, scalability, and cost efficiency for
Cloud Computing
Modern applications rely on cloud computing, allowing access to data and
services anytime without needing heavy hardware.
Cloud computing offers three main service models: IaaS (e.g., AWS, Azure),
PaaS (e.g., Google App Engine), and SaaS (e.g., Microsoft 365, Dropbox).
The future of cloud computing includes multi-cloud, hybrid cloud solutions,
and edge computing for improved flexibility and security. As technology
advances, cloud computing remains essential for seamless connectivity
and supporting future applications.
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Cloud Computing
Blockchain Technology
Blockchain technology is an advanced database system that enables
transparent and secure information sharing within a network.
It stores data in linked blocks, maintaining chronological consistency since
changes require network consensus.
This makes blockchain ideal for creating immutable ledgers to track orders,
payments, and transactions.
Built-in security mechanisms prevent unauthorized entries and ensure
consistency. As a result, blockchain enhances trust, security, and efficiency
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in various industries.
Internet of Things(IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of physical devices,
sensors, and software that connect and exchange data over the internet.
These devices, which include smart home appliances, wearable gadgets,
industrial machines, and even vehicles, collect and share real-time
information to improve efficiency and automation.
IoT enables smart solutions like remote monitoring, predictive
maintenance, and automation in industries such as healthcare, agriculture,
transportation, and smart cities.
By using sensors and connectivity, IoT enhances decision-making, reduces
human effort, and increases convenience. However, security and data
privacy remain key challenges in IoT implementation. 17
Virtual Reality
Virtual Reality (VR) is a technology that creates a fully immersive digital
environment, allowing users to experience and interact with a simulated
world.
It uses VR headsets like Oculus, HTC Vive, or PlayStation VR to block out
the real world and replace it with a computer-generated environment.
VR is widely used in gaming, training simulations, virtual tours, and remote
collaboration.
It enables users to explore virtual spaces, interact with objects, and even
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engage in real-time experiences. As VR technology evolves, it continues to
Augmented Reality
Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) are transforming how
people interact with the world by blending physical and digital
experiences.
AR enhances real-world views with digital overlays, as seen in Pokemon GO
and virtual furniture placements.
VR creates immersive environments, allowing users to explore virtual
worlds, play games, or attend remote meetings. The integration of AR and
VR with AI is driving advancements in education, entertainment, and
healthcare.
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5G Technology: Enabling Faster Connections
5G is the fifth-generation wireless technology that enables ultra-fast
speeds, low latency, and seamless communication.
It powers innovations like autonomous vehicles, remote surgery, smart
cities, and large-scale IoT deployments by connecting billions of devices in
real time.
5G is shaping a hyperconnected future, revolutionizing computing
applications and transforming industries.
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Cyber-security
With the rise of emerging technologies in 2025, cyber threats like hacking,
phishing, and ransomware are also increasing.
Cybersecurity plays a crucial role in protecting data and systems from
these risks. The future of cybersecurity includes
AI-driven defenses and blockchain-based security to ensure secure
transactions and data integrity. Staying aware of evolving threats and
solutions is essential. Cybersecurity will continue to be a foundation of
modern computer applications. 21
Sustainability in Computing: The Green Revolution
The future of computer applications focuses not only on innovation
but also on sustainability and energy efficiency. With data centers
consuming massive power, green computing solutions aim to
reduce environmental impact through eco-friendly designs,
renewable energy, and efficient algorithms. Sustainable computing
is becoming a necessity rather than just a trend. It ensures
technological advancements align with environmental
responsibility.
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