FLUIDS

DENSITY
PRESSURE
PASCAL’S, ARCHIMEDES’ and BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLES
VISCOSITY

Prepared by:
Prof MARIE ROSE D. JASARENO
Physics Dept, BUCS
Legazpi City
FLUID MECHANICS
- is a branch of Physics dealing with the action
of fluid at rest or in motion, and with applications and
devices in engineering using fluids.

2 Major Areas:

Fluid statics – which deals with fluids at rest

Fluid dynamics- concerns with fluids in motion

HYDRODYNAMICS- is applied to the flow of liquids or to low-
velocity gas flows where gas can be considered essentially
incompressible.
HYDROSTATICS – is concerned with the behavior of liquids at
rest.
AERODYNAMICS – the motion of gases
 FLUID STATICS
• Pressure – Pascal's Principle
• Density
• Buoyancy – Archimedes Principle
• Surface tension
• Capillary action
 FLUID DYNAMICS
• types of fluid flow
• Flow rate and equation of continuity
• Bernoulli’s equation
• Viscous fluid flow
DENSITY
- is the ratio between the mass of the substance and its
volume.
- density can be measured in a number of ways
depending on the properties of MATTER.
 Solid
 Liquid
 Gas
m
Mass Density of an object : ρ = ------
V
MATHEMATICALLY:

Relative Density :
ρ
RD(specificgravity) = --------
Relative Density:
Example:
For solid and liquids, water at 4o Celsius is
usually the standard which is equal to 1g/cm3.
Gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm3, so its
specific gravity is 19.3 g/cm3 divided by 1g/cm3 or
19.3.

The unit of mass density can be expressed

in terms of kg/m3, g/cm3 or g/ml, slug/ft3.
Relative density has no unit since it is a ratio
of similar quantities
 Sample problem:
1.) about two- thirds of you body
mass consist of water. Calculate the volume of
water in your body if your mass is 70kg.

Vw = mw/ρw
= 2/3 ( 70 kg ) ( 1000 kg/m3)
= 0.05 m3
2.)An irregular gold nugget (RD= 19.3) is
found, but no balance is available to
determine its mass. Water is poured into
graduated cylinder and when the nugget is
dropped into the water the reading increased
by 3.75mL. What is the mass of the gold
nugget?

m gold nugget = (RD) ρw V

= ( 19.3 ) ( 1 g/mL ) ( 3.75 mL)
= 72.375 g
ELASTICITY
 Is the ability of an object to regain its original form
after the deforming force has been removed.
Different objects have different elasticities.
 Example: sling shot.
 The amount of force exerted on the rubber affects its length.
The more force the longer it stretches.
 It can be stretched to its LIMIT and can go back to its original
form after the force is removed.
 Is limited.

 Cohesive force- forces that allow molecules to

come together and create a bigger object.
 Objects with more cohesive force are more elastic
HOOKE ‘S LAW
 ROBERT HOOKE
 “ THE AMOUNT OF DISTORTION IS DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO THE DISTORTING FORCE”
 STRESS AND STRAIN
STRESS

- is the quantity that describes the magnitude of the

force causing the deformation of an object per unit
area
- SI unit is N/m2 = Pa (Pascal)
- 3 forms of stress: tensile, compressive and shear.
 TENSILE STRESS- ratio of the magnitude of the force and the cross
sectional area over which the force is acting on
 COMPRESSIVE- when objects are pressed or pushed together
 SHEAR STRESS- equal but opposite force are applied across an
object.
STRESS= F/A= N/M2 = Pa

STRAIN
- is the quantitative description of the resulting
deformation due to the applied force
- Defined as the ratio of the change in length of the
object to the original length of the object

change in l
STRAIN= ---------------
original L
 RELATIONSHIP OF STRESS AND STRAIN
- Thomas Young, a British physicist
- HE found that “ for the small value of tensile
stress and tensile strain, their ratio was
constant for a given object”.

STRESS
YOUNG’s MODULUS of ELASTICITY= Y = -------------
STRAIN
PRESSURE

 We have learned that FORCES affect movement of the objects?

 FORCE is also capable of altering the shape or form of an object?
PRESSURE
- refers to the force per unit area
- for liquid pressure it corresponds to the force
exerted by a liquid or gas on a body surface area,
with the force acting at right angles to the surface
uniformly in all direction. That is why fluid seek its
own level.
- In British system, it is measured in ponds per
square inch
- in SI, kg/ cm2, or in atm
-In metric, newton per square meter
- atm unit is defined as a pressure of 1.013 x 105
N/m2 ( 14.7 psi)
- the kPa is defined as pressure of 1000 or 0.00102
kg/ cm2 ( 0.145 lb/ sq. in)
DERIVATION FORMULA:
P= F/A
F= PA
P= w/A
P= mg/A
m= pV
P= pVg/ A
P= p ( Ah) g/ A
P= pgh
 If there is a pressure on a surface of the liquid, this
pressure must be added to that due to the liquid to
find the pressure at a given level, which is known as
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE

Pabs= Psurface +
Pliquid
 A
B

Suppose a
weight of 20N is
dropped to areas A, B,
C,. which among the
three would feel the C
weight the most?
Why\?
Pascal’s Principle
 Concept of BLAISE PASCAL
 “THE PRESSURE APPLIED TO AN ENCLOSED FLUID IS
TRANSMITTED EQUALLY IN ALL DIRECTIONS AND TO
ALL PARS OF THE ENCLOSING VESSEL”
 Another statement of his law goes “ AN
EXERNAL PRESSURE EXERTED ON A STATIC
ENCLOSED FLUID IS TRANSMITTED UNIFORMLY
THROUGHOUT THE VOLUME OF THE LIQUID
 EX. Hydraulic lift
<P P> <P P>
<P P> X P>
X <P

->
->
->
->
->
->

This means that if were to increase the pressure on

the surface of the fluid by an amount of P, the
pressure at any arbitrary point X in the fluid or on the
walls of the container also increases by an amount
equivalent to P
When the brake pedal is depressed, it exerts an
additional pressure on the mastery cylinder. The
mastery cylinder transmit pressure undiminished
throughout the brake fluid to the brake cylinder in
each of the wheel of the car.
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
 “IT STATES THAT THE BODY IMMERSED IN A LIQUID IS
BOUYED UP BY A FORCE EQUAL TO THE WEIGHT OF THE
DISPLACED FLUID” or
 “WHEN A BODY IMMERSED IN A FLUID, THE FLUID EXERTS
AN UPWARD FORCE ON A BODY EQUAL TO THE WEIGHT OF
THE FLUID THAT IS DISPLACED BY THE BODY”

Bouyant force of the liquid = weight of the displaced liquid =

mg

Bouyant force of the liquid = apparent loss of weight of

objects in the liquid
 MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION

B= (pV)g B=
W in water – W in liquid
 How does an airplane stay up in the air?
 4 forces acting on an airplane in flight: THRUST, DRUG, WEIGHT, LIFT.

THE SECRET
OF HOW
AIRPLANES
ABLE TO STAY
UP IS
ATTRIBUTED
Thrust- forward force provided by the plane’s engine TO THEIR
Drag- force that oppose thrust WINGS.
Weight- force that pulls the plane downwards
Lift – force that offsets weight. Caused by air moving over
and at the bottom of the plane’s wing.
BERNOULLI ‘S PRINCIPLE

 The concept is that as the speed or a moving fluid (liquid or gas)

increases, the pressure within that fluid decreases.
 “when the speed of the fluid increases,
It states that
the pressure in the fluid decreases”
Equation of continuity
it gives a flow rate being conserved.
“ for vessels having varied cross
sectional area, flow rate in must equal
flow rate out”.

FLOW RATE
- the flow rate of a fluid is the volume of water
that passes a section in a unit of time
- scientist calculated the flow rate by multiplying
the depth of the fluid by its width and the speed of its
flow

FR= V/t = Al/t = Av

 VISCOSITY
 Is the property of fluids that tends to prevent it from flowing when
subjected to an applied force.
 High viscosity fluids resists flow
 Low viscosity fluids flow easily,

Viscious retarding: Force (Fv) = 4pi nLv

where L: length of pipe

n: coefficient of viscosity
v: speed
Pressure drops in a viscous fluid:
Flow rate of viscous fluid:
(p1-p2) = 4n Lv FR= pi r4 (p1-p2)
---------- ----------------
r2 8nL
Poiseuille’s law

 The French scientist J.L. Poiseuille(1799-1869), who was interested in

the Physics of blood circulation,( and after whom the “poise” is
named), determined how the variables affect the flow rate of an
incompressible fluid undergoing laminar flow in a cylindrical tube.
 His result, known as POISEUILLE’S EQUATION, is :