Mass Relationships in

Chemical Reactions
RECAP:

• What is a chemical reaction?

• What is a chemical equation?
 Learning Competencies:

• Construct mole or mass ratios for a reaction in

order to calculate the amount of reactant
needed or amount of product formed in terms
of moles.
 Specific Objectives:
• Identify mole ratios of reactants and
products from balanced chemical
equations;
• Perform stoichiometric calculations
related to chemical equations;
Amounts of Reactants and Products
Let us make sandwiches!
Some learners are going on a road trip and they are to
bring some food to eat along the way.
Karen was asked to bring hamburger sandwiches for
which she will use two slices of bread and one
hamburger patty to make one hamburger sandwich.
Show the equation.
 Amounts of Reactants and Products
Equation:

two slices of bread + one hamburger patty → one hamburger sandwich

Suppose Karen has 14 hamburger patties, how many slices of

bread will she need to consume all the patties?

14 hamburger patties x
 Amounts of Reactants and Products
Stoichiometry is the study of the quantities of
materials consumed and produced in chemical
reactions. From the balanced chemical equation, we
will be able to:
a. Determine how much products will be produced
from a specific amount of reactants.
b. Determine the amount of reactants needed to
produce a specific amount of products.
 Mass Relationships
Mole to Mole Conversion

Cu + AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + Ag
How many moles of Cu is needed to react with
3.55 moles of AgNO3?
Solution:
3.55 moles AgNO3 x
 Mass Relationships
Mass to Mass Conversion

Cu + AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + Ag
If 90.5 grams of Ag was produced, how many
grams of Cu reacted?
Solution:
90.5g Ag x
 Mass Relationships
Moles to Mass Conversion

NaClO3 → NaCl + O2
15 moles of NaClO3 will produce how many
grams of O2?
Solution:
15 moles NaClO3 x
 Sample Problems:
1. How many moles of O2 are needed to react with 8 moles
of NH3?
4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + 6H2O
2. How many grams of O2 are needed to react with 10
moles of NH3?
4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + 6H2O
3. How many grams of O2 are needed to react with 250g of
C2H6?
2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O
1. The combustion of the mineral pyriteAssignment:
(FeS2) produces
another mineral hematite (Fe2O3) and sulphur dioxide
(SO2).
FeS2(s) + O2(g) → Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g)
a. How many grams of O2 (MM=32.00 g/mol) will
completely react with 75.0 grams of FeS2 (MM=119.85
g/mol).
b. How many grams each of Fe2O3 (MM=159.7 g/mol) and
SO2 (MM=64.0 g/mol) will be produced from the reaction
of 75 grams of FeS2 with 55.1 grams of O2?
 Learning Competencies:

• Calculate percent yield and theoretical

yield of the reaction.
 Specific Objectives:
• Define theoretical, actual, and percent
yield of reactions;
• Calculate theoretical and percent yield of
a reaction;
 Percent and Theoretical Yield
Ideally, in a chemical reaction, it is predicted to produce a 100%
yield of the product from the given reactants. But in reality, it is
not that easy to achieve. Most of the chemical reactions obtain
are less than the 100% yield of the product/s due to several
factors that could affect the reaction process such as;
experimental errors, incomplete reactions, unexpected side
reactions, amount of the reactants, undesirable by-product/s,
other external factors, etc. For you to be able to eliminate all of
these contributory factors, you have to obtain an “ideal
environment” during the experimentation to achieve 100% yield,
which is close to impossible to attain under normal conditions.
 Percent & Theoretical Yield
• To compute the percent yield, it is first necessary to
determine how much of the product should be formed
based on stoichiometry which refers to Theoretical Yield.
• The Actual Yield is the actual product collected and
measured or experimentally determined.
• The Percent Yield is a ratio of the actual yield and
theoretical yield which can be expressed as:
percent yield =
 Sample Problem:
1. Potassium chlorate decomposes upon slight heating in
the presence of a catalyst according to the reaction
below:
2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
In a certain experiment, 30.00 g KClO 3 is heated until
it completely decomposes. What is the theoretical yield of
oxygen? The experiment is performed and the oxygen gas is
collected and its mass is found to be 10.50 g. What is the
percent yield for the reaction?
 Sample Problem:
Solution:
30.00g KClO3 x

Percent yield =
=
= 88.98%
 Practice Problem:
1. The combustion of methane (CH4) produces carbon
dioxide and water. Assume that 2.0 mol of CH 4 burned in
the presence of excess air. What is the percent yield if in an
experiment the reaction produces 87.0g of CO 2?
CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
2. 15.3 grams of lithium is dropped into a solution
containing excess copper (II) phosphate, when the reaction
is completed, 52.5 grams of copper is formed. What is the
percent yield?
 Assignment:
1. The corrosion of aluminum in cookwares is prevented as
the aluminum metal reacts with oxygen in the air,
producing a protective coat of aluminum oxide.
a. Write the balanced equation for the reaction.
b. How many grams of oxygen gas will react with 25 grams
of aluminum?
c. How many grams of aluminum oxide will be produced
by the reaction in (b)?
d. What is the percent yield of the reaction if the actual
yield is 36.4 grams?
 Learning Competencies:

Explain the concept of limiting reagent in

a chemical reaction; identify the excess
reagent.
 Specific Objectives:

Identify the limiting and excess

reagent(s) of a reaction; and
Calculate reaction yield in the presence
of a limiting reagent.
 Limiting and Excess Reagents
Limiting Reactant
The reactant that is completely used in a
reaction.
It determines the amount of product form.

Excess Reactant
It is not completely consume in a reaction.
 Limiting and Excess Reagents
Try to think about this…

In a dance party when a slow song is

played, the students normally pairs to dance.
If there are 8 boys and 15 girls, only 8 girls
will be able to pair up with the boys to dance.
 Limiting and Excess Reagents
Which limits the production of cars?
 Limiting and Excess Reagents
Steps in Determining the Limiting and Excess
Reactants:
1. Check whether the equation is balance, if not,
balance the equation for the reaction.
2. Convert the known masses of substance to moles.
3. Determine the limiting reactant using the mass
relationship.
 Sample Problem:
1. Nitrogen gas can be prepared by passing gaseous
ammonia over solid copper (II) oxide at high
temperature. The other products of the reaction are
solid copper and water vapor. A sample containing
18.1g of NH3 is reacted with 90.4g of CuO. Find out
which of the two is the limiting reactant. How much
of the nitrogen gas is formed?
2NH3(g) + 3CuO(s) → N2(g) + 3Cu(s) + 3H2O(g)
 Sample Problem:
Solution:
18.1g NH3 x
90.4g CuO x
*use the lower values to continue with calculations.
1.06 mol NH3 x
*Limiting reactant – CuO
Excess reactant – NH3
 Practice Problem:
1. 10.0g H2O reacts with 4.5g Na to produce NaOH and H2.
Identify the limiting and excess reactant.
2H2O(l) + 2Na(s) → 2NaOH(g) + H2(g)
2. Aluminum reacts with chlorine gas to form aluminum
chloride via the following reaction:
2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3
a. Determine the limiting reactant between 34.0g of
aluminum and 39.0g of chlorine gas.
b. How much would be the excess reactant?
 Assignment:
1. Phosphorous acid (H3PO3) can be prepared from the
phosphorous triiodide (PI3) according to the reaction:
PI3(s) + H2O(l) → H3PO3(aq) + HI(g)

Balance the equation.

If 150 grams of PI3 (MM=411.7 g/mol) is added to 250
milliliters of H2O (MM=18.01 g/mol, p=1.00 g/mol), identify
the limiting and excess reagents. How many grams of H 3PO3
(MM=81.99 g/mol) will be theoretically produced?
 Activity 1:
The neutralization reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl)
and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] produces calcium chloride (CaCl2)
and water.
2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(s) → 2H2O(l) + CaCl2(aq)
If 0.75 grams of Ca(OH)2 is used in the reaction, determine the
following:
a. Number of moles of HCl (MM = 36.46 g/mol) needed to completely
react with Ca(OH)2. The molar mass of Ca(OH)2 is 74.10 g/mol.
b. Mass of CaCl2 (MM = 110.98 g/mol) formed in the reaction.
 Activity 2:
2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(s) → 2H2O(l) + CaCl2(aq)

From the problem in Activity 1, suppose 41.3 grams of

Fe2O3 was produced during an experiment. What is the yield of
the reaction?
 Activity 3:
Silver metal reacts with sulfur to form silver sulfide
according to the following reaction:
2Ag (s) + S(s) → Ag2S (s)
a. Identify the limiting reagent if 50.0 g Ag reacts with 10.0 g S.
b. What is the amount in g of the excess reactant expected to
remain after the reaction?
c. What is the theoretical yield in g of Ag2S produced from the
reaction?