MODULE III

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
 LESSON 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

What is traffic?
• Refers entirely to the movements (or passing) of
persons, animals, and vehicles along the traffic way
for the purpose of travel.
• As a verb, to carry on traffic, trade or commercial
dealings; or to deal in a specific commodity or
service often of an illegal nature (usually followed
by in): to traffic in opium.
•It is a movement of traffic
unit in a traffic way.
•It is also applied with the
movement of other vehicles,
as well as persons, goods or
even messages and articles.
• Management- It refers to the skillful use of means to accomplish a
purpose
• Operation- Pertains to a course or series of acts to effect a certain
purpose, manner action; or a vital natural process of the activity.
• Roadway- Refers to that part of the traffic way over which motor
vehicles pass.
• Curb- a concrete border or row of joined stones forming part of a
gutter along the edge of a street.
• Traffic Way- Refers to the entire width between the boundary lines of
every way or place of which any part is open to the use of the public
for vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom.
• Shoulder- is a strip of pavement outside an outer lane; it is provided
for emergency use by traffic and to protect the pavement edges from
traffic damage.
1.Paved Shoulder is the portion of road concrete part of road after
 ETYMOLOGY :

1. Originally meant “trade”

2. It originates from Greco-Roman word “TRAFICO”
with reference to the movement of people.
3. The Greek originally called the system as
“TRAFIGA”
4. There is no dispute that trafico is Greco-Roman
word, but the word traffic was crafted from
Famous "TRAFALGAR SQUARE“
5. French trafique from Old Italian “Traffico” from
trafficare “to carry on trade”
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

• MANAGEMENT - Refers to the skillful use of

means to accomplish purpose.
• OPERATION – Pertains to a cause or series of
acts to effect certain purpose, manner of
action; or a vital or natural process of activity.
• ROADWAY – refers to that part of the traffic
way over which motor vehicles pass.
 FOR PURPOSES OF CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND/OR
MAINTENANCE, ROADS ARE CLASSIFIED AS:

• National Roads – interconnecting provinces and/or

cities
• Provincial Roads –interconnecting municipalities
and/or cities within a province
• City Roads – interconnecting barangays with a city
• Municipal Roads –interconnecting barangays within a
municipality
• Barangay Roads – roads/streets located within a
barangay which connects sitios or places within a
barangay
• Sky way - A modern urban system of roadway
above street level for free flow of traffic
• Lane - one of the longitudinal strips from which
the carriageway can be divided whether or not
defined by longitudinal road markings.
• Highway- any public thoroughfare, public
boulevard, avenue, park alley, but shall not
include road way upon grounds owned by private
persons, colleges, universities, or other similar
institution.
•.
• Subway - A conduit running entirely under the
ground for fast travel route of commuters.
• Overpass – Refers to a roadway passing through
another roadway
• Express-way - A through traffic for free-flow of
vehicular movement.
• Tunnel Road - A passage of wide shorten section
cut through hill to circuitous roadway.
• Feeder Road - Intended for farm-to- market traffic.
• Shoulder – it refers to either side of the roadway,
especially along highways.
• Sidewalk - it refers to the paved walkway along the side
of a street.
• Through highway – it means every highway or portion
thereof on which vehicular traffic is given the right-of-
way, and at the entrances to which vehicular traffic from
intersecting highways is required by law to yield right-of-
way to vehicles on such through highway in obedience to
either an authorized stop sign or a yield sign, or other
official traffic-control device.
• Thruway or throughway – it is a highway that has
limited entrances and exits such as the express ways,
freeways, or motorways. It is known as autobahn in
German
• Traffic way – refers to the entire width between
 ROAD CLASSIFICATIONS

• According To Political Subdivision:

• NATIONAL ROADS - The main road as conduit system
with a right of way from 20 meters to 120meters.
• PROVINCIAL ROADS - The linkages between two
municipalities with right of way from 15 meters to
60meters.
• CITY ROADS - The inter-link between municipalities and
within the city proper with right of way of 15 meters.
• MUNICIPAL ROADS - All roads within the town proper
with the right of way of not less than 10 meters.
 INTERSECTION

• Refers to the area of a

roadway created when two
or more roadways join
together.
 CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSECTION
ACCORDING TO NUMNER OF INTERSECTING
ROADS

• 3 WAY - It is commonly known as the T or Y crossroad.

• 4 WAY - It is the most common. Two roads cross
perpendicularly.
• 5 WAY - It involves the crossing of five roads. This type
is the least common.
• 6 WAY - It involves the crossing of three streets. This
type is very rare.
• STAGGERED INTERSECTION - It involves two
 WHY TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT IS
NECESSARY?
• In every traffic management, three elements
are necessary to be considered. These are:
1.ROAD (TRAFFICWAY) SYSTEM
2.ROAD USERS
3.ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES
Failure to coordinate these elements in a
particular highway and/or intersection may
cause traffic-related problems.
Traffic management aims to attain
efficiency in the utilization of the traffic-way.
• With the advent of science and technology, new
and modernized traffic facilities are
introduced. However, despite of these
modernizations traffic congestions persist to
exist. The only way to at least cope-up with the
prevailing traffic related problems is a
coordinated traffic management. Traffic
management is therefore designed to make
the traffic way safer for travelers, speed up
the movement of traffic, and to provide
convenience to the traffic facilities users.
 A. MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC
CONGESTIONS

Based on research studies conducted by

authorities and other line agencies. The
following are found out as major causes of
traffic congestions:
1.Physical inadequacy
2.Poor Control Measures
3.Human Errors
4.Poor maintenance
 SPECIFIC TRAFFIC PROBLEMS

1.Traffic Build-up -It is characterized by the

gradual increasing of traffic users in a given
portion of the highway or traffic way.
2.Traffic Congestions - These are conditions
on road networks that occurs as use
increases, and is characterized by slower
speeds, longer trip times and increased
vehicular queueing.
4. Traffic Jams (snarl-up) - These are situations in
highways in which the movement of traffic
users(MVS and pedestrians) is very slow or
stationary.
5. Bottlenecks - These are narrow points or areas in
highways where traffic congestions or traffic jams
usually occur or traffic may be held up.
6. Gridlocks - A state or condition of severe road
congestion arising when continuous queues of
vehicles block an entire network of intersecting
streets bringing traffic in all directions to a
complete standstill
6. Accidents - These are events or
incidents whichmay cause
unintentional damage to property,
lossof limbs, and or death.
7. Collisions - These are incidents
or instances of onemoving traffic
unit or person striking
violentlyagainst another
 B. SCOPES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT.

1.All public surface facilities traversing and parking

all types of conveyances for the movement of
persons and things.
2.In all agencies having responsibilities for
ascertaining traffic flow requirements, planning,
approving, funding, construction, and or
maintaining these public facilities for such
movements.
3.All agencies are responsible for licensing,
approving, restricting, prohibiting, or controlling
 C. Agencies Involved In
Traff ic Management.
For Successful And
Eff ective Traff ic
Management, Specifi c Roles
And Responsibilities Are
Vested On The Following.
• Department of Transportation (DOTr)
• City or Municipal Engineer’s Office. At the
local level, these offices are responsible for the
planning construction, and maintenance of traffic
facilities within their respective locality.
• Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH).
• Legislative. (Congress/City or Municipal Boards).
1. passing or amendment of laws concerning the traffic
2. planning and approval of government projects.
3.Philippine National Police (PNP). The PNP
through its Traffic Management Group (PNP-TMG),
direct enforcement of the law, rules, and regulations.
Conducting information dissemination campaigns,
submitting traffic scheme proposals, and other
functions as the need arises.
4.Academic Institution. traffic education by
integrating into their respective programs and
curriculum subjects or topics on traffic safety.
5.Courts. The courts are responsible for the
adjunction of traffic-related cases filed before them.
8.Public Information Offices. The
government through the Philippine
Information Agency (PIA) provides the
necessary updated information to the public
by creating traffic safety campaigns and
other activities relating to traffic.
9.Citizen support
Groups. (volunteers/NGO’s) assisting
government offices in various activities
(special occasions and holidays where traffic
problem is likely to happen.)
 TRAFFIC RESTRAINTS

• measures and limits vehicular traffic by imposing some

charges for the use of the transportation system.
Payment for using the road and charges for penalty.
• Traffic sell solution; division of the central area into
cells or zones with one way street system and turn
regulations to prohibit inter-zonal or through traffic.
• Road pricing: parking charge, road tolls, distance or
time-based charges, congestion pricing and other charges
designed to discourage the use of certain classes of
vehicle, fuel sources or more polluting vehicles.
HOW DO WE SOLVE OUR
TRAFFIC PROBLEMS?
1.TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
2.TARFIC EDUCATION
D.
3.TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
THE PILLARS OF
4.TARFFIC ECONOMY
TRAFFIC
5.TARFFIC ECOLOGY
 1. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

• A branch of civil engineering concerned with the

design and construction of streets and roads
that will best facilitate traffic movement.
• It is a science of measuring traffic and travel the
study of the basic laws relative to the traffic law
and regulations; the application of this
knowledge to the professional practice of
planning, deciding, and operating traffic system
to achieve safe and efficient transportation of
persons and goods.
 FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

1. Fact-finding, survey and

recommendations of traffic rules and
regulations;
2. Supervision and maintenance to the
application of traffic control devices;
and
3. Planning of traffic regulation.
 B. OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

• To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic.

• To prevent traffic accident.
• To simplify police enforcement actions and
performance.
• To show that good police actions and performance
makes engineering plans effective.
• To present the close relationship of the
pillars of traffic in the improvement of traffic
problems
 C. WHEN AND WHERE THE OBJECTIVES
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ARE APPLIED?

• Habitually congested commercial areas.

• Heavily traveled thoroughfares.
• Congested local areas and intersections.
• During special occasions and events.
• During disasters or emergencies.
• At school crossings.
 AGENCIES AND/OR OFFICES UNDER TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING

1. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH).

Has responsibility of determining traffic flow planning
approval of program and budget finding of construction
and maintenance of road and instrument.
2. Provincial Government. Responsible for municipalities
within the province.
3. Municipal Government. Responsible for streets and road
within the barangays.
4. Chartered Cities. Responsible of streets and roads
within the cities.
 2. TRAFFIC EDUCATION (CROWNING
JEWEL)

• It is the process of giving training and practice

in the actual application of traffic safety
knowledge. The following are the agencies and
the offices responsible for the traffic education.
a.Schools (Public and Private). The traffic education can be carried out
by imparting the knowledge concerning the traffic safety, training and
practice in the actual application of traffic safety, developing traffic
safety morality.
 Elementary. In this level, traffic education is focused on the safety
and guides stressing traffic safety, classroom discussions of accidents
and safety rules, organizing safety patrols.
 Secondary. Traffic education for high schools students is geared
towards schools safety organization.
 Higher Education. Some Colleges and Universities often and
conduct courses regarding traffic safety subjects.
b. Public Information Programs. (dissemination of
information). Done through the public information
agency, newspapers, radio and television
broadcasting networks, and other forms of media.
c. Citizen support Groups. These are mostly
composed by voluntary non-government
organizations (NGOs), radio communication groups,
rotary organizations, and other voluntary clubs.
 3. TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT

This field deals mostly on the

implementation and
enforcement of traffic laws and
rules and regulation.
 TWO MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC LAW
ENFORCEMENT

1. Police Traffic Law Enforcement. It is the

responsibility of the PNP-HPG and LTO-Law
Enforcement Service to enforce traffic laws and
assists the prosecutors and the court to deter law
violators.
2. Court Traffic Law Enforcement. It is the
responsibility of the Traffic Adjudication Service
(TAS) of the LTO to Prosecute, Adjudicate and
Penalize law violators.
 THE FOLLOWING ARE THE VARIOUS
AGENCIES/OFFICES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN
ENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC LAWS

A. Land Transportation Office (LTO) - This office

is responsible for the following: Vehicle
registration, Vehicle inspections, Drivers
licensing (examinations, suspensions, revocations
and Public to police on stolen or wanted vehicles).
B.Legislative Bodies
C.Police Traffic Enforcement
 4. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR TRAFFIC
ENVIRONMENT.

• This pillar is very recently which includes

the study of potentially disastrous
population explosion, changes in urban
environment due to the scale and density of
new urban concentration and new
activities carried out air pollution, water
pollution and crowding, especially
transport congestion which result therein.
A. What are the environmental effects of
urbanization of transportation? Any decision in
modernizing the transportation system shall
consider the following environmental effects:
1.Noise.
2.Vibration.
3.Air Pollution.
4.Dirt.
5.Visual Intrusion.
6.Loss of Privacy.
7.Relocation.
• Laws and Statutes Concerning Traffic
Ecology
1.P.D. 1181. Providing for the prevention, control and
reduction of Air Pollution from motor vehicles and
for other purposes.
2.Letter of Instruction No. 551. Directing the law
enforcement agencies to implement the pollution
control program.
3.R.A. 8749 otherwise known as the Clean Air Act. An
act providing for the regulation of motor vehicle
emitting toxic gases like the use of diesel and leaded
gasoline.
 5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY

• This is the most recent of the pillars of traffic

which deals with benefits and adverse effects of
traffic to our economy. Primarily, traffic operation
is designed to expedite the movement of traffic.
However, with the prevailing traffic congestion
during rush hours in any given locality, traffic
adversely affects the economic status of the
communicating public.
• One aspect affecting our economy is
unending increase of oil prices in world
market. Somehow, programs must be
instituted in order to minimized the ill
effect of rising prices of basic
commodities.
• Delay resulting from traffic congestion
affects not only the time of travel but
productivity of individual as well.
 CYCLE OF TRAFFIC PILLARS

Traffic Traffic
Traffic
Engineeri Enforcem
Education
ng ent

Traffic Traffic
Ecology Economy
 END OF LESSON 1

I hate
Traffic
congestio
n
 LESSON 2
TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION

It is the process of training road users in the

avoidance and prevention of traffic-related accidents.
It is already identified that one if not the major
causes of the traffic accidents is HUMAN FACTORS.
This can be corrected by traffic safety education.
ROAD SAFETY – It refers to the reduced risk of
accident or injury on the roads.
 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO
ACCIDENTS

1. Human Errors
2. Road Deficiencies
3. Main Vehicle Factors
 DRIVER’S EDUCATION

In general, drivers instruction aims

PRIMARILY to teach RUDIMENTS OF DRIVING.
SECONDARY AIMS are as follows:
1. To in still awareness of one’s responsibilities
legal and moral
2. To teach the abilities required for one to be
eligible for a driver’s license.
LEVELS OF TRAFFIC SAFETY
EDUCATION

1.Traffic Safety For Children

2.Traffic Safety Education For
Adults
 TRAFFIC SAFETY FOR CHILDREN

• This is highly unsystematic and is usually

carried out in the home through parental
education and in kindergarten and nurseries.
This is now necessary to make it systematic to
lessen the number of children fatalities and
injuries.
a. Elementary
b. Secondary
c. Higher education
 TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION FOR ADULTS

• This is easier compared to the education designed

for younger children since the adults are in a
better position to understand what is being
taught to them.
• It is a general belief that by being a better driver,
it follows that one becomes a better pedestrian.
By knowing the limitations of the driver and the
vehicle as a driving student, one learns to watch
out for dangerous cues such as pedestrians
• Driver education is carried out in secondary
schools and in private and government
sponsored driving school. The basic purposes
of this education are:
• To develop good traffic citizens who are
equipped to live in motorized society and
achieving traffic safety.
• To develop drivers who are eligible to have
their driver’s license.
 DRIVER’S EDUCATION

• In general, Driver instruction aims

primarily to teach the rudiments of
driving. Secondary aims are as follows:
• To install awareness of one’s legal and
moral responsibilities in traffico
• To teach the abilities required for one to
be eligible for a driver’s license.
 4 BASIC TYPES OF
INSTRUCTION METHODS Used
In Driver Education Programs:

1. Comprehensive
2. Traditional Instruction
3. Commentary Driving Method
4. Simulated Conditions
 REAL-TIME
COMPREHENSIVE

•This methods places the

students into real life of driving
situations from the beginning.
 TRADITIONAL INSTRUCTION

• This type of instruction depends

on instructor-student
communication.
 COMMENTARY DRIVING
METHOD

• The student-driver accompanied by

an instructor. As the student-driver
drives, the instructor has to give a
commentary on his driving- what he
sees, what he does, why he does, what
he proposes to do, etc.,
 SIMULATED CONDITIONS (ON AND
OFF TRAINING)

• The premise of simulated conditions

training is that the behavior of the
driver-subject placed in condition
will be relatively analogous to
normal behavior.
 SIMULATOR

• is a static machine with all the

important features of a car used in
driving method or driving training.
 TWO METHODS
OF SIMULATION PRESENTLY ADOPTED:

1. Partial Simulation Method- this method has the

specific aim of training for the “subtasks” of the
driving task.
2. Global Simulation - It may be classified into two
(2) specific groups which are: training,
simulated in traffic conditions and situations.
Simulators are most commonly use for the
following types of training:
• Training in basic car-control skills
 CLASSIFICATION OF FILMS AS SHOWN BY
THE SIMULATORS:

• Analytical Film- Which provides an

objective analysis of the driving situation
presented to the subject.
• Didactic Film- aims to show good driving
behavior
• Simulation Film- offers “visual realism” to
driving situations and therefore aid in
actual practice
ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF DRIVING TASKS -
DRIVER EDUCATION INCLUDES:

• Collection of Information which includes:

Perceptual Scanning and Identification
• Process of Information which includes:
Predicting and Decision-making
• Action which is focused on:
Motor Skills and control of vehicles and
Knowledge and subjective Interpretation
 BIORHYTHM

• It is a theory which asserts that man exhibits a

constant variation of the energy and mood states.
• Man’s theorized cycles and interpretations
rhythm is peculiar characteristics of most natural
phenomenon like:
1. The diurnal exchange of light and darkness
2. The four seasons
3. Our wet and dry season
4. The waxing and waning of the moon
 THE BIORHYTHM CYCLE

• 23 days of physical cycle – is also known as cycle

of our strength, endurance and courage (the male
component of a person)
• 28 days of emotional cycle – also known as the
cycle of our sensitivity, love and intuition
(equivalent to female’s 28 day menstrual cycle)
• 33 days of intellectual cycle - is related to
thinking, analyzing, judgement, concentration,
composition and etc.
• All these cycles are present at the time we
are born. When the curve is above the
center line, the biorhythm value is said to
be “HIGH” or a person has more energy
to spare. When the curve is below the
center line, the biorhythm is said to be
“LOW” or in are charged period.
 THE HIGH STATE

• All of these are present at the time we are

born. When the curve is above the center line,
the biorhythm value is said to be “HIGH” or a
person has more energy to spare:
1. Physical High
2. Emotional High
3. Intellectual High
 THE LOW STATE

• When the curve is below the centerline,

the biorhythm is said to be “LOW”or in a
recharged period:
1. Physical Low
2. Emotional Low
3. Intellectual Low
 IMPORTANCE OF BIORHYTHM IN THE
FIELD OF STUDY.

• It should be borne in mind that biorhythm does not

predict what actually happen. All it does is to give us a
hint on how we tend to feel in a certain day.
o The theory asserts that people are accident prone if
their biorhythm crosses the centerline on a certain
day or is totally below the line.
o Theoretically, if we know our biorhythm for a certain
day, we can psychologically cope up with any situation
 SAFETY CAMPAIGN

• This is a mass publicity aimed to make road users

behave more safely. These basically focus on
public information attitudes, and particular or
specific behaviors, or combination of these.
• Is also known as road propaganda which may be
intended simply to inform or it may be felt that
the public is already aware of the recommended
behavior by need to be persuaded into adopting
it.
 SAFETY CAMPAIGN
CLASSIFICATIONS:

• According to purpose -maybe

categorized as informational, attitudinal
and behavioral
• According to kind of appeal - used to
reason by simply feeding the public with
authenticated factual data
SAFETY CAMPAIGN DESIGN

• Initial campaign planning

• Final campaign design
• Campaign evaluation
 PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT
ENTITIES FOR SAFETY CAMPAIGN:

• Newspapers
• Radio Broadcasting Networks
• Television Broadcasting Networks
• Public Information Agencies
END OF MODULE II
 Remember, Leaving
Sooner, Driving Slower,
And Staying Alert Can
Significantly
Contribute To A Longer
And Safer Life On The
Road.