Introduction to Embedded System
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What is an embedded system?
According to the Institution of Electrical Engineers, "A
general purpose definition of embedded systems is that they
are devices used to control, monitor or assist the operation
of equipment, machinery, or plant. 'Embedded' reflects the
fact that they are an integral part of the system..."
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer
system, which is completely encapsulated by the device it
controls. An embedded system has specific requirements
and performs pre-defined tasks, unlike a general-purpose
personal computer.
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Microcontrollers and Embedded System
Embedded Systems are a combination of
Hardware (microcontrollers) and
Software (developed in assembler, c, c+
+…) designed to perform a specific
function
An embedded product uses
microcontrollers to do one task and one 3
What is a Microcontroller?
A microcontroller (often abbreviated MCU) is a single
computer chip (integrated circuit) that executes a user
program, normally for the purpose of controlling some device,
hence the name microcontroller.
The program is normally contained either in a second chip,
called an EPROM, or within the same chip as the
microcontroller itself.
A microcontroller is normally found in devices such as
microwave ovens, automobiles, keyboards, CD players, cell
phones, VCRs, security systems, time & attendance clocks,
etc.
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Microprocessor Vs Microcontroller
Microcontrollers are used in devices that require some amount of
computing power but donot require as much computing power as that
provided by a complex (and expensive) 486, Pentium, i3 .. system
which generally requires a large amount of supporting circuitry (large
motherboards, hundreds of megabytes of RAM, hard drives, hard
drive controllers, video cards, etc).
A microwave oven just does not need that much computing power.
Microcontroller-based systems are generally smaller, more reliable,
and cheaper. They are ideal for the types of applications described
above where cost and unit size are very important considerations. In
such applications it is almost always desirable to produce circuits that
require the smallest number of integrated circuits, that require the
smallest amount of physical space, require the least amount of
energy, and cost as little as possible.
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Microcontroll
Ext int
er
interrupt
Address Bus (Uni dirctional)
CPU
Data Bus (Bi directional)
Control Lines
OSC
6
Microcontroll
Ext int
er
interrupt
Timer0
Timer1
ROM RAM
CPU
Bus 4 I/o Serial
control ports port
OSC
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Simple comparison: Pentium vs. 8051
FEATURE 8051 PENTIUM COMMENT
Clock Speed 12Mhz. typical 1,000 MHz. (1GHz.) 8051 internally divides clock
but 60MHz. ICs by 12 so for 12MHz. clock
available effective clock rate is just
1MHz.
Address bus 16 bits 32 bits 8051 can address 216, or
64Kbytes of memory.
Pentium can address 232, or
4 GigaBytes of memory.
Data bus 8 bits 64 bits Pentium’s wide bus allows
very fast data transfers.
ALU width 8 bits 32 bits But - Pentium has multiple 32
bit ALUs – along with
floating-point units.
Applications Domestic appliances, Personal Computers
Peripherals, And other high
automotive etc. performance areas.
Power Small fraction of a Tens of watts Pentium runs hot as power
consumption watt consumption increases with
frequency.
Cost of chip About RS.52/- About 6000/- 8
Microcontroller Manufacturing Companies
There are FOUR major companies manufacturing
8 bit controllers
1. Motorola (6811)
2. Intel (8051 MCS51)
3. Zilog (Z8)
4. PIC (16X____) Microchip
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Port Organization of MCS51
Port 1
Port 0
P1.0 – P1.7
P0.0 – P0.7
P1 P0
Port 3
Port 2
P3.0 – P3.7
P2.0 – P2.7
P3 P2
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Port Assignments
Port 0 : Input/Output Port & AD0-AD7 for ext memory
Port 1 : Input/Output Port
Port 2 : Input/Output Port & A8-A15 for ext Memory
Port 3 : Input/Output Port
P3.0 : RxD
P3.1 : TxD
P3.2 : INTO’
P3.3 : INT1’
P3.4 : T0
P3.5 : T1
P3.6 : WR’
P3.7 : RD’
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Simple Experiment in
Embedded system
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Interactive Vehicle Tracking System
It is a system which can track the vehicles for its movement through out
the trip with GPS And GPRS.
The data collected at different data points are stored at the vehicle itself and
in the computers of respective data points then to the server.
The Data are
vehicle number, started time, stop time, Fuel at, Date, Fuel type,
Qty, Amount, Balance, Driver ID …..
The Data Points are
the places where the interactive RF transmitter and receivers are
fixed say BPCL fuel stations.
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At the data points
GPS & GPRS based RF transmitter and receivers (RF System) are
connected to a computers
GPS system is capable of interacting over area of 1 square metre
The GPS will transmit the data in
a periodic interval continuously
from the data point
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Server
Block diagram of data locker
Receiver Memory
D i s p l a y
GPS & GPRS
Micro
Controller
Transmitter
sensors
Start/stop alarm
Load
Fuel
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Block diagram of data point
Server
Receiver
GPS & GPRS SMS
Micro
Controller Printer
Transmitter
Pump
Pump link
circuit 16
Advantages
• Compatible with any SMART cards
• Data is stored at data point (fuel station computer) and at the
vehicle
•Vehicle owners can verify trip data from their office
• Data can be online with server
• Data can be on auto SMS from vehicle(GSM/CDMA/GPRS)
• Owners of the vehicles and dealers are not at the dark, but given
with lot of information about their vehicles for analysis
• 100% automated system
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