ITGN235
Principles of Networking
IP Addressing
1
IP Address
An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label
assigned to each device connected to a computer
network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication.
An IP address serves two main functions:
host or network interface identification
location addressing
IPv4 Address
IPv6 Address
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Base 2 Number System
101102 = (1 x 24 = 16) + (0 x 23 = 0) + (1 x 22 = 4) +
(1 x 21 = 2) + (0 x 20 = 0) = 22
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Converting Decimal to
Binary
Convert 20110 to binary:
201 / 2 = 100 remainder 1
100 / 2 = 50 remainder 0
50 / 2 = 25 remainder 0
25 / 2 = 12 remainder 1
12 / 2 = 6 remainder 0
6 / 2 = 3 remainder 0
3 / 2 = 1 remainder 1
1 / 2 = 0 remainder 1
When the quotient is 0, take all the remainders in
reverse order for your answer: 20110 = 110010012
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IPv4 Address Structure
An IPv4 address is a 32-bit hierarchical address that is
made up of a network portion and a host portion
Subnet Mask
Assigning an IPv4 address to a host requires:
IPv4 address - unique IPv4 address of the host
Subnet mask- used to identify the network/host
portion of the IPv4 address
Finding the Network Address with
ANDing
By ANDing the Host address of 192.168.10.2 with 255.255.255.0
(its network mask) we obtain the network address of
192.168.10.0
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Network and Host Addressing
Using the IP address of the
destination network, a router
can deliver a packet to the
correct network.
When the packet arrives at a
router connected to the
destination network, the router
uses the IP address to locate the
particular computer connected to
that network.
Accordingly, every IP address
has two parts.
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IP Address Classes
IP addresses are divided into classes to define the large,
medium, and small networks.
Class A addresses are assigned to larger networks
Class B addresses are used for medium-sized networks
Class C for small networks
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Identifying Address Classes
10
Address Class Prefixes
To accommodate different size networks and aid in
classifying these networks, IP addresses are divided into
groups called classes. This is classful addressing.
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Network and Host Division
Each complete 32-bit IP address is broken down into a
network part and a host part. A bit or bit sequence at the
start of each address determines the class of the address.
There are 5 IP address classes.
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Class A Addresses
The Class A address was designed to support extremely
large networks, with more than 16 million host
addresses available.
Use only the first octet to indicate the network address
The remaining three octets provide for host addresses
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Class B Addresses
The Class B address was designed to support the needs
of moderate to large-sized networks. A Class B IP
address uses the first two of the four octets to indicate
the network address. The other two octets specify host
addresses.
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Class C Addresses
The Class C address space is the most commonly used
of the original address classes. This address space was
intended to support small networks with a maximum of
254 hosts.
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Class D Addresses
The Class D address class was created to enable
multicasting in an IP address. A multicast address is a
unique network address that directs packets with that
destination address to predefined groups of IP addresses.
Therefore, a single station can simultaneously transmit a
single stream of data to multiple recipients.
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Class E Addresses
A Class E address has been defined. However, the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) reserves these
addresses for its own research. Therefore, no Class E
addresses have been released for use in the Internet.
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IP Address Ranges
The graphic below shows the IP address range of the first
octet both in decimal and binary for each IP address
class.
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IPv4
As early as 1992, the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) identified two specific
concerns: Exhaustion of the remaining,
unassigned IPv4 network addresses and
the increase in the size of Internet routing
tables.
Over the past two decades, numerous
extensions to IPv4 have been developed.
Two of the more important of these are
subnet masks and classless inter
domain routing (CIDR).
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Network and Broadcast
Addresses
Within each network are three types of IP
addresses:
Network address
It represents a specific network
Host addresses
Host addresses are addresses that can be assigned to a device such as
a host computer, laptop, smart phone, router, etc
Broadcast address
A broadcast address is an address that is used when it is required to
reach all devices on the IPv4 network
Network Address
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Broadcast Address
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Network and Broadcast
Addresses
An IP address that has binary 0s in all host bit
positions is reserved for the network address, which
identifies the network.
An IP address that has binary 1s in all host bit
positions is reserved for the broadcast address,
which is used to send data to all hosts on the network.
Class Network Address Broadcast Address
A 100.0.0.0 100.255.255.255
B 150.75.0.0 150.75.255.255
C 200.100.50.0 200.100.50.255
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Public IP Addresses
Unique addresses are required for each device on a
network.
No two machines that connect to a public network can have
the same IP address because public IP addresses are global
and standardized.
Public IP addresses must be obtained from an Internet service
provider (ISP) or a registry at some expense.
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Private IP Addresses
Private IP addresses are another solution to the problem
of the impending exhaustion of public IP addresses.
As mentioned, public networks require hosts to have unique
IP addresses.
However, private networks that are not connected to the
Internet may use any host addresses, as long as each host
within the private network is unique.
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Mixing Public and Private IP
Addresses
Connecting a network using private addresses to the Internet
requires translation of the private addresses to public addresses.
This translation process is referred to as Network Address
Translation (NAT).
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Static Assignment of an IP
Address
Static assignment works
best on small networks.
The administrator
manually assigns and
tracks IP addresses for
each computer, printer, or
server on the intranet.
Network printers,
application servers, and
routers should be
assigned static IP
addresses.
27
DHCP
Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) allows a
host to obtain an IP address dynamically without the
network administrator having to set up an individual
profile for each device.
All that is required when using DHCP is a defined range
of IP addresses on a DHCP server.
As hosts come online, they contact the DHCP server and
request an address.
The DHCP server chooses an address and leases it to
that host.
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Unicast
Unicast transmission refers to one device sending a
message to one other device in one-to-one
communications
A unicast packet has a destination IP address that is a
unicast address which goes to a single recipient.
Broadcast
Broadcast transmission refers to a device sending a
message to all the devices on a network in one-to-all
communications
A broadcast packet has a destination IP address with all
ones (1s) in the host portion
Multicast
Multicast transmission reduces traffic by allowing
a host to send a single packet to a selected set
of hosts that subscribe to a multicast group
IPv4 has reserved the 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255 addresses as a multicast range
IPv4 Issues
You already know that IPv4 is running out of
addresses
That is why you need to learn about IPv6
IPv6 is designed to be the successor to IPv4
IPv6 has a larger 128-bit address space, providing 340
undecillion (i.e., 340 followed by 36 zeroes) possible
addresses
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
There is no specific date to move to IPv6
Both IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist in the near future and
the transition will take several years
Dual stack allows IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist on the same
network segment
Dual stack devices run both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol
stacks simultaneously
IPv6 Addressing Formats
IPv6 addresses are 128 bits in length and written as a
string of hexadecimal values
IPv6 Address Types
In fact, there are three broad categories of IPv6
addresses:
Unicast - An IPv6 unicast address uniquely identifies
an interface on an IPv6-enabled device.
Multicast - An IPv6 multicast address is used to send
a single IPv6 packet to multiple destinations.
Anycast - An IPv6 anycast address is any IPv6
unicast address that can be assigned to multiple
devices.
