PIPE NETWORKS
Series Connection Parallel Connection
Principle: Principle:
The discharge (Q) in all pipes are all equal. The discharge (Q) is equal to the sum of the
The total Head Lost is equal to the sum the individual discharge in each pipes.
individual head loss. The total Head Lost in all pipes are all equal.
Framework of Solution
1. Identify if series or parallel
2. Start with the equation of flow.
-------Series
-------Parallel
3. Establish the head loss equation
-------Series
-------Parallel
4. Find the equations you can relate which may
include the B.E.E.
Problem 1 – Two pipes, each 300 m long, are
connected in series. The flow of the water through the
pipes is 150 lit/sec with a total frictional loss of 15 m.
If one pipe has a diameter of 300 mm, what is the
diameter of the other pipe? Neglect minor losses and
assume f=0.02 for both pipes.
Solution: 𝒉𝒇 𝟏
𝒉𝒇 𝟐
300 𝑚
Pipes in Series:
Problem 2 – A 1500-mm diameter water main Pipes in Parallel
carrying branches at a point J to two pipelines, one
300 m long 1200 mm in diameter and the other 1220
m long and 600 mm in diameter. Both pipes join at
point K and continue as a single 1500-mm diameter
pipe. The friction factors for the 1500-mm, 1200-mm,
and 600-mm pipes are 0.02, 0.022, and 0.024
respectively. Obtain the following:
a. The flow in the 1200-mm diameter pipeline in .
Part a:
b. The flow in the 600-mm diameter pipeline in .
c. The velocity of flow in 600-mm diameter pipeline.
300 𝑚
∅=1200 𝑚𝑚
𝑓 1=0.022
𝑓 =0.02 𝑓 =0.02
𝑨 𝑱 𝑲 𝑫
∅=1500 𝑚𝑚 ∅=1500 𝑚𝑚
4
Part b:
1 220 𝑚
∅ =600 𝑚𝑚
Problem 2 – A 1500-mm diameter water main Pipes in Parallel
carrying branches at a point J to two pipelines, one
300 m long 1200 mm in diameter and the other 1220
m long and 600 mm in diameter. Both pipes join at
point K and continue as a single 1500-mm diameter
pipe. The friction factors for the 1500-mm, 1200-mm,
and 600-mm pipes are 0.02, 0.022, and 0.024
respectively. Obtain the following:
a. The flow in the 1200-mm diameter pipeline in .
Part a:
b. The flow in the 600-mm diameter pipeline in .
c. The velocity of flow in 600-mm diameter pipeline.
Part b:
300 𝑚
∅=1200 𝑚𝑚 Part c:
𝑓 1=0.022
𝑓 =0.02 𝑓 =0.02
𝑨 𝑱 𝑲 𝑫
∅=1500 𝑚𝑚 ∅=1500 𝑚𝑚
4
1 220 𝑚
∅ =600 𝑚𝑚
Reynold’s Number Laminar Flow
A dimensionless quantity that measures the type of When the path of individual fluid particles flowing do
flow pattern as laminar or turbulent while flowing not cross or intersect.
through a pipe.
Use,
Where,
Turbulent Flow
When the path of individual fluid particles are
irregular and continuously cross each other.
Kinematic Viscosity
The ratio of dynamic viscosity to density of a fluid Use,
which measures how easily a fluid flows under the
influence of gravity.
Where,
Where,
Problem 1
A fluid with a density of 960 kg/m^3 and a viscosity of
0.00003 m^2/s is flowing through a pipe with a
diameter of 40 cm and a length of 100 m at a velocity
of 5 m/s. The pipe has roughness coefficient of c. What is the total head loss?
0.00186 mm.
a. What is the Reynold’s number?
b. What is the friction number?
c. What is the total head loss?
Solution:
a. What is the Reynold’s number?
b. What is the friction number?
Problem 2 b. Friction factor
Vinegar with a specific gravity of 1.01 and a dynamic
viscosity of around 1.2 Pa-s, is flowing through a pipe
with a diameter of 500 mm at a rate of 75 liters per
second. Evaluate:
c. Critical velocity
a. Reynold’s number
b. Friction factor
c. Critical velocity
Solution:
a. Reynold’s number
RESERVOIR PROBLEMS
Case 1
𝒉𝒇 𝐸𝑙 . 𝐴− 𝐸𝑙 . 𝐵
𝟏
𝒉𝒇
𝑨 𝑷′ 𝟐
𝑷 𝑩
𝜸
𝑸𝟏
𝒉𝒇 𝟑 𝑸𝟐 𝐸𝑙 . 𝐵− 𝐸𝑙.𝐶
𝑷
𝑸𝟑
𝑪
Case 2
𝑬𝒍 . 𝑨 − 𝑬𝒍 . 𝑩=𝒉 𝒇 𝟏 − 𝒉 𝒇
𝒉𝒇 𝑨 𝟐
𝟏
𝑩 𝒉𝒇
𝑷′ 𝟐
𝑷
𝑸𝟏 𝜸
𝑷 𝑸𝟐 𝑬𝒍 . 𝑩− 𝑬𝒍 . 𝑪=𝒉𝒇 +𝒉 𝒇
𝒉𝒇 𝟑
𝟐 𝟑
𝑸𝟑
𝑪
Problem 1
Three reservoirs A, B, and C are
connected respectively with pipes 1, 2, 𝐸𝑙 . 933 𝑚
and 3 joining at a common junction P
whose elevation is 366 m. Reservoir A is 𝑨
at elevation 933 m and reservoir B is at
elevation 844 m. The properties of each 𝐸𝑙 . 844 𝑚
pipe are as follows:
𝑩
;
𝐸𝑙 . 366 𝑚
4950 𝑘𝑃𝑎
. 𝑃
A pressure gage at junction P reads 4950
kPa. What is the flow in pipe 3 in m^3/s
and elevation of reservoir C.
𝑪
Solution:
𝐸𝑙 . 933 𝑚
h𝑓 1
𝑨 𝐸𝑙. 𝑃′=870.587𝑚
𝑃 ′h 𝐸𝑙 .Elevation
𝐴− 𝐸𝑙 . 𝐵 at Junction P’:
𝑓2
𝐸𝑙 . 844 𝑚
𝑩
𝑄1 𝐸𝑙 . 366 𝑚
4950 𝑘𝑃𝑎
h𝑓 3 𝑃 𝑄2 Write the equations:
𝐸𝑙 . 𝐵− 𝐸𝑙.𝐶
𝑄3
𝑪
𝐸𝑙 . 933 𝑚
h𝑓 1
𝑨 𝐸𝑙. 𝑃′=870.587𝑚
𝑃 ′h Solve for each discharge:
𝑓2
𝐸𝑙 . 844 𝑚
𝑩
𝑄1 𝐸𝑙 . 366 𝑚
4950 𝑘𝑃𝑎
h𝑓 3 𝑃 𝑄2
𝑄3
𝑪
𝐸𝑙 . 933 𝑚
h𝑓 1
𝑨 𝐸𝑙. 𝑃′=870.587𝑚
𝑃 ′h
𝑓2
𝐸𝑙 . 844 𝑚
𝑩
𝑄1 𝐸𝑙 . 366 𝑚 Solve for :
4950 𝑘𝑃𝑎
h𝑓 3 𝑃 𝑄2
𝑄3
Elevation at Reservoir C:
𝑪
Problem 2
Given the following data for the three reservoirs shown in the figure:
Length Diameter
Pipe f
(m) (mm)
1 1500 900 0.0208
2 450 600 0.0169
3 1200 450 0.0135
Reservoir A supplies water to reservoirs B and C. The flow towards
reservoir B is 0.60 m^3/s.
a. Determine the flow from reservoir A in m^3/s. 𝑸𝟏
b. Determine the flow to reservoir C in m^3/s.
c. Determine the elevation of reservoir B.
𝑸𝟐
𝑸𝟑
Solution:
Length Diameter
Pipe f
(m) (mm) Write the possible equations:
1 1500 900 0.0208
2 450 600 0.0169
3 1200 450 0.0135
a. Determine the flow in reservoir A in m^3/s.
h𝑓 1
𝐸𝑙 . 𝐴− 𝐸𝑙 . 𝐵Write an equation for discharge in terms of their head
𝑃′ h𝑓 2 loss;
h𝑓 𝑸𝟏
𝐸𝑙 . 𝐵− 𝐸𝑙.𝐶
3
/𝒔
𝒎𝟑
𝟎.𝟔
𝑃 𝑸𝟑
Length Diameter
Pipe f
(m) (mm)
1 1500 900 0.0208
2 450 600 0.0169
3 1200 450 0.0135
h𝑓 1
𝐸𝑙 . 𝐴− 𝐸𝑙 . 𝐵
𝑃′ h𝑓 2
h𝑓 𝑸𝟏
𝐸𝑙 . 𝐵− 𝐸𝑙.𝐶
3
/𝒔
𝒎𝟑
Observe that:
𝟎.𝟔
𝑃 𝑸𝟑
Length Diameter
Pipe f
(m) (mm)
1 1500 900 0.0208
2 450 600 0.0169
3 1200 450 0.0135
h𝑓 1
𝐸𝑙 . 𝐴− 𝐸𝑙 . 𝐵
𝑃′ h𝑓 2
Utilize the Discharge Equation:
h𝑓 𝑸𝟏
1.0
𝐸𝑙 . 𝐵− 𝐸𝑙.𝐶
3
93
/𝒔
𝑚
𝒎𝟑
3
/𝑠
𝟎.𝟔
𝑃 𝑸𝟑
Length Diameter
Pipe f
(m) (mm)
1 1500 900 0.0208
2 450 600 0.0169
3 1200 450 0.0135
h𝑓 1
𝐸𝑙 . 𝐴− 𝐸𝑙 . 𝐵
𝑃′ h𝑓 2
h𝑓 𝑸𝟏
1.0
𝐸𝑙 . 𝐵− 𝐸𝑙.𝐶
3
b. Determine the flow to reservoir C.
93
/𝒔
𝑚
𝒎𝟑
3
/𝑠
𝟎.𝟔
/ 𝑠
3
. 4 9 3𝑚
𝑃 𝑸 0𝟑
Length Diameter
Pipe f
(m) (mm)
1 1500 900 0.0208
2 450 600 0.0169
3 1200 450 0.0135
h𝑓 1
𝐸𝑙 . 𝐴− 𝐸𝑙 . 𝐵
𝑃′ h𝑓 2
h𝑓 𝑸𝟏
1.0
𝐸𝑙 . 𝐵− 𝐸𝑙.𝐶
3
c. Determine the elevation of reservoir B.
93
/𝒔
𝑚
𝒎𝟑
3
/𝑠
𝟎.𝟔
/ 𝑠
3
. 4 9 3𝑚
𝑃 𝑸 0𝟑
Problem 3
Determine the flow in each pipes. Assume f=0.02 for all
pipes.
𝐸𝑙 . 90 𝑚
𝐴 Discharge, :
h𝑓 1
𝐸𝑙 .75 𝑚
𝑃′
600
𝐵
𝑚−
h𝑓
𝜙
3
h𝑓
600
𝑚𝑚
4
𝑚𝑚
200
𝐸𝑙 .50 𝑚
𝑚−
𝜙
450
𝐶 𝑚− Discharge, :
300
𝐸𝑙 . 30 𝑚
300
𝑚𝑚
𝜙 𝐷
900 𝑚 − 150 𝑚𝑚 𝜙
𝑃
Problem 3
Determine the flow in each pipes. Assume f=0.02 for all
pipes.
𝐸𝑙 . 90 𝑚
𝐴
h𝑓 1
𝐸𝑙 .75 𝑚
𝑃′ Discharge, :
600
𝐵
𝑚−
h𝑓
𝜙
3
h𝑓
600
𝑚𝑚
4
𝑚𝑚
200
𝐸𝑙 .50 𝑚
𝑚−
𝜙
450
𝐶 𝑚−
300
𝐸𝑙 . 30 𝑚
300
𝑚𝑚
𝜙 𝐷
900 𝑚 − 150 𝑚𝑚 𝜙
𝑃
Problem 3
Determine the flow in each pipes. Assume f=0.02 for all
pipes. Write an equation for the discharge in terms of head
loss:
𝐸𝑙 . 90 𝑚
h𝑓 1 𝐴
𝑃′ h𝑓 2
𝐸𝑙 .75 𝑚
600
h𝑓 𝐵
3
h𝑓
𝑚−
𝑄1 4
𝜙
600
𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚
200
𝐸𝑙 .50 𝑚 𝑄2
𝑚−
𝜙
450
𝐶 𝑚−
300
𝐸𝑙 . 30 𝑚
300 𝑄4
𝑚𝑚
𝑄3 𝜙 𝐷
900 𝑚 − 150 𝑚𝑚 𝜙
𝑃
Problem 3
Determine the flow in each pipes. Assume f=0.02 for all
pipes.
𝐸𝑙 . 90 𝑚
h𝑓 1 𝐴
𝑃′ h𝑓 2
𝐸𝑙 .75 𝑚
600
h𝑓 𝐵
3
h𝑓
𝑚−
𝑄1 4
𝜙
600
𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚
200
𝐸𝑙 .50 𝑚 𝑄2
𝑚−
𝜙
450
𝐶 𝑚−
300
𝐸𝑙 . 30 𝑚
300 𝑄4
𝑚𝑚
𝑄3 𝜙 𝐷
900 𝑚 − 150 𝑚𝑚 𝜙
𝑃
