RASTER DATA MODEL
SEMINOR CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
RASTER DATA MODEL
USES OF RASTER DATA MODEL
TYPES OF RASTER DATA
RASTER DATA FORMATS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
INTRODUTION
GIS (Geographic Information System) is
an
integrated of computer Hardware
system coupled with
Software andprocedures and human
analyst which together support the capture,
management, manipulation, analysis,
modelling and display of spatially referenced
data.
TYPES OF GIS DATA
The basic data type in a GIS reflects
traditional data found on a map. Accordingly, GIS
technology utilizes two basic types of data:
SPATIAL DATA
Describes the absolute and relative location
of
geographic features.
ATTRIBUTE DATA
Describes characteristics of the spatial
features. These characteristics can be
quantitative and/or qualitative in nature.
DATA
REPRESENTATION
GIS data represents
real objects which can
be stored under two
broad types known as
Vector Data and Raster
Data
VECTOR DATA
The vector data is
made up of points, lines
and polygons. They are
x,y,z data points.
RASTER DATA MODEL
The Raster Data is made up of a matrix of grids.
The grids may be occupied by pixels (cells).
In its simplest form, a raster consists of a matrix of
cells(or pixels) organized into Rows and Columns
(or a grid)
Where each cell contains a value
representing information such as
temperature.
Raster’s are digital Aerial photographs,
imagery from
satellites, digital pictures, or even
scanned maps.
Cells are identified by their positions in the grid.
Raster data is geo-referenced by:
Real world coordinates of the reference point
Cell size in real world distance
Use the upper-left or lower-left corner of grid as the
reference point.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RASTER
AND VECTOR
DATA SETS
As compared to the vector data
structure, the raster data structure is not
particularly accurate at representing discrete
features - that is, those features that have a
distinct boundary or shape.
The term Raster implies a regularly spaced
grid. Raster data consists of rows and columns of
cells (or pixels). In this format a single value is
stored against each cell. Raster data can
represent a multiplicity of things including:
Cont…
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL
IMAGES
Kind of the image
Size and scale
Resolution/compression
Image Format in which it is represented
Image files may be drawing files, shape files,
header files, image files and sizes
Vector graphics
TWO TYPES OF GRAPHICS
( X,Y,Z, lines, arcs, color filled zones)
Raster graphics ( pixels – grid pattern, each pixel
has a color)
Ranges of colors as per R,G,B
Total colors 256 x 256 x 256
COMPONENTS OF
COLOR
Red, Green,
Blue
250, 0,0
0,0,
0
0,0,25
0
POPULAR RASTER IMAGE FILES
Raster data is stored in various formats;
some of these include
BMP (Bitmap Image)
TIFF (Tag Index File Format)
JPEG/JPG (Joint Photographic Expert Group)
IMG (Image File Format)
GIF (Graphic Intercharge Format)
PSP (Portable Sony Play station)
CDR (Crash Data Retrieval)
8-BIT IMAGES
One byte for each pixel
Supports 256 out of the
millions possible, acceptable
colour quality
Requires Colour Look-Up
Tables
(LUTs)
A 640 x 480 8-bit colour
image requires 307.2 KB of
storage (the same as 8-bit
gray-scale)
24-BIT IMAGE
Each pixel is represented by three bytes (e.g.,
RGB) Supports 256 x 256 x 256 possible
combined colours (16,777,216)
A 640 x 480 24-bit colour image would require
921.6 KB of storage
A BITMAP
ENLARGEMENT
QUALITY OF AN
IMAGE
Depends on the Image Resolution
Image Size, number of pixels
Compression and decompression
Display systems
Main factor: Pixel dimension
The display size of an image on-screen is
determined by the pixel dimensions of the image
plus the size and setting of the monitor.
KEY FACTORS
Image resolution
Monitor resolution/ Printer
resolution
Screen frequency
File type, format, compression
File size
Maximum pixel
ELEMENTS IN RASTER DATA
MODEL
A Raster data model is
variously called a grid. A
Grid consists of Rows,
Columns, and cells.
The origin of rows and
columns is at a upper left
corner of the grid. Rows
function as a Y co-
ordinates and columns' as X
co- ordinates in a two
dimensional co-ordinate
system.
A cell is defined by its
cont…
A raster cell stores a single value, however this can
be extended by using raster bands. An example of
this is the use of bands to represent RGB colours,
colour maps , or an extended attribute table with one
row for each unique cell value.
Raster model divides the area into grid cells or pixel.
Each grid cell is filled with the measured attribute
values.
It can represent points, lines and area
Resolution depends on real world area
represented by each grid cell.
DISCRETE AND CONTINUONS
DATA
When data is presented in raster format,
they may
be discrete or continuous data.
1. The numeric distribution of discrete data are
independent numbers and the geographic
distribution has abrupt boundaries.
2. The numeric distribution of continuous
data are a range of values and their
geographic distribution is along a spatial
gradient.
USES OF RASTER DATA MODEL
Geographical variation in the real world is
infinitely complex
The closer you look, the more detail you see,
almost
without limit
It would take an infinitely large database to
capture the real world precisely.
Raster grid cells allow us to approximate the
variation over
a landscape.
Data must somehow be reduced to a finite and
manageable quantity by a process of generalization
or abstraction.
We have to pick out the most characteristic
features.
Geographical variation must be represented in
TYPES OF RASTER DATA
SATELLITE IMAGERY
Remotel sensed satellit
y e
data recorde in
are d raster
format.
The value in a
pixel the Earth’s
from satellitesurface.
image
Land
represent
use, land
light
cover
s
hydrography
and
energ reflected b
emitte
classified
can
y or imaged
processing
from e
system.
Satellite images can be This Half-meter Resolution Image
displayed in black and Of Khalifa Sports City Complex
Qatar, Was Collected By The
white or in colour. Geoeye-1 Satellite On January 10,
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS
(DEM)
DEM consists of an array
uniformly
of spaced elevation
data.
DEM are produced from:
A stereo-plotter and aerial
photograph with overlapping
areas.
Satellite imagery such as
SPOT stereo model using
special software.
DIGITAL ORTHOPHOTOS
Prepared from
photogra aerial
ph or data.
remotely sensed other
They are geo-
referenced
and can be registered
with topographic and
other maps.
BINARY SCANNED FILES
Scanned image containing values of 1 and 0.
Maps to be digitized are typically scanned at 300 or
400 dpi (dots per square inch).
GRAPHIC FILES
Maps, photographs and images can be
stored as digital graphic files.
ADVANTAGES
The location of each cell is implied by
Geographic its
position in the cell
matrix.
Due to the nature of the data storage technique,
analysis is usually easy to program and quick to
data
perform.
The inherent nature of raster maps, e.g. one
attribute maps, is ideally suited for mathematical
modelling and quantitative analysis.
Discrete data, e.g. forestry stands, is accommodated
equally well as continuous data, e.g. Elevation data,
and facilitates the integrating of the two data types.
Grid-cell systems are very compatible with
raster-based output devices.
cont…
DISADVANTAGES
The cell size determines the resolution at which the
data is
represented;
It is especially difficult to adequatelyrepresent
features depending on the cell resolution.
linear
Since most input data is in vector form, data must
undergo vector-to-raster conversion. Besides
increased processing requirements this may
introduce data integrity concerns due to
generalization and choice of inappropriate cell size.
Most output maps from grid-cell systems do not
conform to
high-quality cartographic needs.
CONCLUSION
GIS data is stored in two types: Raster Data and
Vector Data
Raster data consists of rows and columns of cells (or
pixels).
Raster data allows approximation of
Raster data may be discrete or continuous.
landscape.over
variation It makes
a data finite and manageable.
Types of raster includes satellite imageries, Digital
ElevationDigital Orthophotos, binary scanned files
Models,
and
graphic files.
Raster data may be stored as TIFF, Geo TIFF, GIF,
JPEG, etc.
The inherent nature of raster maps, e.g. one attribute
maps, is ideally suited for mathematical modelling
and quantitative analysis.
BOOKS
REFERENCE
B. BHATTA, (2008) Remote Sensing And Gis Oxford
University Press, Pp: 442,121,129,135, 144.
FLOYD F. SABINS, (1996/1997) Remote Sensing
Principles And Interpretation, W.H. FREEMAN AND
COMPANY NEWYORK 3rd Edition, Pp: 29,69,105,177,236.
KALICHARAN SAHU, (2008), Text Book Of Remote
Sensing And Gis, Atlantic Publications, Pp: 1-2,127-198.
Textbook Of Remote Sensing And Geographical
Information System, M.ANJI REDDY, Second Edition, Pp
1-23.
WEBSITES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_data
http://geospatial.referata.com/wiki/Raster_Data_Mod
el
http://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/57142/wha
