Computer Workshop II :
Introduction to Linux and Its
Distributions
Course Outcomes
On successful completion of the course, students will be able to
Acquire a working knowledge of Linux fundamentals and
Linux distributions.
Apply knowledge to comprehend system configurations and
Linux graphical interfaces.
Independently perform fundamental command line
operations in Linux.
Effectively employ common Linux applications for specific
tasks and functionalities
What is Linux?
• Linux is an open-source, Unix-like operating
system.
• Known for its stability, security, and flexibility.
• Differentiates from Unix by being open-source and
widely adaptable.
History and Evolution
• Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991.
• Inspired by Unix but designed to be free and open-
source.
• Key milestones include:
- Introduction of the first kernel.
The Linux Kernel is the brain of any GNU/Linux
operating system (distribution). The Kernel glues both
applications and hardware together.
Linux Architecture
• Key layers:
- Kernel: Core of the OS managing hardware.
- Shell: Interface between user and OS.
- Libraries: Support for programs.
- Utilities: Tools for managing the system.
Architecture of Linux Operating
System
Components of Linux System
Kernel — Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is responsible for
all major activities of this operating system.
System Library — System libraries are special functions or
programs using which applicatinn programs nr system utilities
accesses Kernel's features
System Utility — System Utility programs are responsible ro
do specialized, individual level tasks.
Operating Modes
Generally, A Linux System has two operatable
modes:
The Command Line Interface (CLI): provided by
the shell.
The Graphical User Interface (GUI): provided by the
X server.
Every distribution that offers a GUI employs the X server
to provide a Desktop environment e.g GNoME D.E, KDE,
etc.
The architecture of Linux contains some layers
Hardware layer — Hardware consists Of all
peripheral devices (RAM / HDD/ CPU etc).
Kernel — It is the core component of Operating System,
interacts directly with hardware, provides low level services
to upper layer components.
Shell — It takes commands from the user and
executes kernel's functions.
Utilities — Utility programs that provide the user most of
the functionalities of an operating systems.
About Kernel
It interacts with the actual hardware in machine
language.
It is the monarch who has overall control of
everything.
It has various functions such as file management , data
transfer between file system and hardware, memory
management, scheduling of variOus programs in the
memory, interrupts issues.
CLI view of Linux
Desktop View of Linux
Inside view of Linux
Examples of terminals
include:
bsh
zsh
bash
ksh,
Features of Linux
• Open-source and free to use.
• Multi-user, multitasking, and secure.
• Portable across hardware platforms.
• Reliable with extensive networking capabilities.
Benefits of Linux
• Cost-effective: Free to use.
• Highly customizable: Adapt to needs.
• Global community support.
• Optimized for performance in servers.
Why Learn Linux?
• High demand in IT, DevOps, and cloud.
• Versatile for personal and professional use.
• Fundamental knowledge for open-source ecosystems.
Conclusion
• Linux is a powerful, open-source OS.
• Vital for servers, development, and security.
• Encouragement to explore and learn further.
