Introduction to
Matrix
AN ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS IN ROWS AND COLUMNS
WITH RECTANGULAR FORM IS KNOWN AS MATRIX.
Understanding Rows and Columns
Rows
A row in a matrix represents a horizontal line of elements. It's like reading a line of text from left to right.
Columns
A column in a matrix represents a vertical line of elements. It's like reading a list of values or information
vertically, from top to bottom.
The Order of a Matrix
The order of a matrix is defined by the number of rows and columns it contains. It's a concise way to
describe the size of the matrix. This order is represented as m x n, where 'm' denotes the number of rows
and 'n' represents the number of columns. For example, a matrix with 3 rows and 2 columns would have
an order of 3 x 2.
Types of Matrices
1 Row Matrix
A Matrix is called a row matrix if it consists of only one row.
2 Column Matrix
A Matrix is called a column matrix if it consists of only one column.
3 Rectangular Matrix
A matrix is said to be a rectangular matrix if the number of
rows is not equal to the number of columns.
4 Square Matrix
A square matrix has an equal number of rows and columns.
This means the number of rows (m) is equal to the number of
columns (n), and it's described as a square matrix of order 'n'.
5)Zero Matrix 6)Diagonal Matrix
A zero matrix, also known as a null matrix, has IF ALL THE DIAGONAL ELEMENTS OF MATRIX
all its elements equal to zero. ARE NON-ZERO AND NON DIAGONAL
ELEMENETS ARE ZERO.THEN THE MATRIX IS
FOR EXAMPLE:[0]
CALLED A DIAGONAL MATRIX.
7)Scalar Matrix 8)Identity Matrix
IF ALL THE ELEMENTS IN THE DIAGONAL OF THE IF ALL THE ELEMENTS OF THE DIAGONAL
DIAGONAL MATRIX ARE EQUAL ,THEN THE ELEMENTS ARE EQUAL TO ONE (1) THEN THE
MATRIX IS CALLED A SCALAR MATRIX. MATRIX IS CALLED A Unit or Identity Matrix.
9)Upper and Lower
Triangular Matrices
1 Upper Triangular Matrix
A square matrix in which all the elements
below the diagonal are zero is known as the
upper triangular matrix.
2 Lower Triangular Matrix
A square matrix in which all the elements
above the diagonal are zero is known as the
upper triangular matrix.
SYMMETRIC AND SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRIX
1) SYMMETRIC MATRIX
In a matrix if we convert rows into
columns and get the same matrix
then the matrix is called a
symmetric matrix.
2) SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX
In a matrix if we convert rows into
columns and get the same values
but with different signs then the
matrix is called a skew symmetric
matrix.
EXAMPLES OF SYMMETRIC AND
SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX
Above is the example shown for symmetric matrix. Above is the example of skew-symmetric matrix.
Applications of Matrices
Matrices have wide-ranging applications in various fields. Some notable
examples include:
Linear algebra Solving systems of linear
equations, finding eigenvalues and
eigenvectors, representing linear
transformations.
Computer graphics Transforming, rotating, and scaling
objects in 2D and 3D space.
Computer science Storing and manipulating data in
databases, image processing,
machine learning.
Physics and engineering Representing physical quantities
like forces, velocities, and
accelerations, solving differential
equations.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, matrices play a vital role in various fields such
as mathematics, computer science, physics, and
engineering. They provide an efficient way to represent and
solve complex problems, ranging from systems of linear
equations to computer graphics. Understanding the
different types of matrices—such as row matrices, column
matrices, square matrices, diagonal matrices, and identity
matrices—enables us to apply them effectively in diverse
applications. Mastering the operations and properties of
matrices is essential for advancing in fields that require
high-level computation and data analysis.
