INT102

DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
G.Manikandan
SAP / ICT / SOC
 UNIT – IV
Introduction to Non-Relational Databases (MongoDB):

Getting Started - Documents, collections, databases, data

types. Creating, Updating and Deleting documents: Inserting
and saving documents - removing documents - updating
documents - Querying - Introduction to find querying - Type-
specific Queries

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 TEXT BOOK

2. Kristina Chodorow and Michel Dirolf,

“MongoDB: The Definitive Guide”,
O'Reilly Publications,
Second Edition
2012. (Unit IV)

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 Need for a
NonRelational DataBase

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 RDBMS - Limitations
• Relational Database Management Systems are
Schema Oriented
– i.e. the structure of the data should be known in
advance

• It is not possible to process unstructured

information.

• Databases are vertically scalable

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 NoSQL Databases
• NoSQL is a database technology driven by Cloud
Computing, the Web, Big Data and the Big Users.

• NoSQL Database, also known as “Not Only SQL” is an

alternative to SQL database which does not require
any kind of fixed table schemas unlike the SQL.

• NoSQL generally scales horizontally and avoids major

join operations on the data.

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 Types of No SQl data base

• Key Value pair

• Document Based

• Graph database

• Column Oriented database

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 Example Databases

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 NonRelational
• Couch DB - D
• Mongo DB - D
• Cassandra – C
• Neo4j – G
• Infinitegraph - G
• Aerospike - KV
• Riak - KV

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 Mongo DB

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 Introduction
• MongoDB was developed by a NewYork based organization named 10gen
which is now known as MongoDB Inc.

• It was initially developed as a PAAS (Platform As A Service).

• Later in 2009,
– it is introduced in the market as an open source database server
– that was maintained and supported by MongoDB Inc.

• MongoDB 2.4.9 was the latest and stable version which was released on
January 10, 2014.

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 Feature
• Ease of Use

• Easy Scaling

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 Ease of Use
• MongoDB is a document-oriented database

• A document-oriented database replaces the concept of a

“row” with a more flexible model, the “document.”

• By allowing embedded documents and arrays, the document

oriented approach makes it possible to represent complex
hierarchical relationships with a single record.

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 Ease of Use
• There are also no predefined schemas: a document’s keys
and values are not of fixed types or sizes.

• Without a fixed schema, adding or removing fields as needed

becomes easier.

• It is also easier to experiment.

• Developers can try dozens of models for the data and then
choose the best one to pursue.

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 Easy Scaling
• As the amount of data that developers need to store grows, developers
face a difficult decision: how should they scale their databases?

• Scaling a database comes down to the choice between scaling up (getting

a bigger machine) or scaling out (partitioning data across more
machines).

• Scaling up - drawbacks: large machines are often very expensive, and

eventually a physical limit is reached where a more powerful machine
cannot be purchased at any cost.

• The alternative is to scale out: to add storage space - buy another

commodity server and add it to your cluster. This is both cheaper and
more scalable; however, it is more difficult to administer a thousand
machines than it is to care for one.

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 Easy Scaling
• MongoDB was designed to scale out.
• Its document-oriented data model makes it easier for it to split up data
across multiple servers.

• MongoDB automatically takes care of balancing data and load across a

cluster, redistributing documents automatically and routing user requests
to the correct machines.

• This allows developers to focus on programming the application, not

scaling it.

• When a cluster need more capacity, new machines can be added and
MongoDB will figure out how the existing data should be spread to them.

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 Documents

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 Documents
• Document: an ordered set of keys with
associated values.
• The representation of a document varies by
programming language
• Most languages have a data structure such as
a map, hash, or dictionary.
• In JavaScript, documents are represented as
objects

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 Documents
• Example

• {"greeting" : "Hello, world!"}

• This simple document contains a single key,

"greeting", with a value of "Hello,world!".

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 Documents
• Example

• Most documents will be more complex than

this simple one and often will contain multiple
key/value pairs:

• {"greeting" : "Hello, world!", "foo" : 3}

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 Documents
• The keys in a document are strings.
• Any UTF-8 (8-bit Unicode Transformation Format) character is
allowed in a key, with a few notable exceptions:

• Keys must not contain the character \0 (the null character).

• This character is used to signify the end of a key.
• The . and $ characters have some special properties and
should be used only in certain circumstances.
• In general, they should be considered reserved, and drivers
will complain if they are used inappropriately.

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 Documents
• MongoDB is type-sensitive and case-sensitive.
• For example, these documents are distinct:

• {"foo" : 3}
• {"foo" : "3"}

• as are as these:

• {"foo" : 3}
• {"Foo" : 3}

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 MongoDB Installation steps

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 Collections

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 Collections

• A collection is a group of documents.

• MongoDB

• If a document - analog of a row in a relational database,

• Then a collection can be thought of as the analog to a table.

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 Dynamic Schemas
• Collections have dynamic schemas.

• This means that the documents within a single collection can

have any number of different “shapes.”

• For example, both of the following documents could be stored

in a single collection:

• {"greeting" : "Hello, world!"}

• {"foo" : 5}

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 Collections - Naming
• A collection is identified by its name.
• Collection names can be any UTF-8 string, with a few
restrictions:
• The empty string ("") is not a valid collection name.
• Collection names may not contain the character \0 (the null
character) because this delineates the end of a collection
name.
• You should not create any collections that start with system.,
a prefix reserved for internal collections.
• User-created collections should not contain the reserved
character $ in the name.

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 Collections - Databases
• MongoDB groups collections into databases.
• A single instance of MongoDB can host several
databases, each grouping together zero or
more collections.
• A database has its own permissions, and each
database is stored in separate files on disk

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 Collections

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 Collections

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 Collections

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 Collections

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 Collections

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 MongoDB Installation Steps

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• https://www.mongodb.com/download-center

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 s?
5
Question

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 Basic concepts of MongoDB
• A document is the basic unit of data for MongoDB and is roughly
equivalent to a row in a relational database management system

• Similarly, a collection can be thought of as a table with a dynamic schema.

• A single instance of MongoDB can host multiple independent databases,

each of which can have its own collections.

• Every document has a special key, "_id", that is unique within a collection.

• MongoDB comes with a simple but powerful JavaScript shell, which is

useful for the administration of MongoDB instances and data
manipulation.

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