Communication Engineering

CSE-0403
3 Credits
Lec 1
Introduction

Presented By
Prof. Dr. Sharmin Parveen
Professor, Dept. of Computer and Science
Engineering
State University of Bangladesh
Email: sharmin.cse@sub.edu.bd
 Course Content

Synchronous and asynchronous communications; Hardware interfaces,

multiplexers, concentrators and buffers; Communication mediums and their
characteristics; Data communication services: SMDS and ATM; Error control
codes: Linear block codes, cyclic codes, MLDC codes, convolution codes,
Trellis code modulation; Digital switching: Space and time division
switching; Radio system design; Fibre Optics communication: Transmitter,
receivers, network components, WDM; Line coding, trunks, multiplexing,
switching, ATM switches; Satellite communications: Frequency bands and
characteristics, types of satellites, multiple access techniques; Cellular
communications: GSM, CPDP.

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 Books

Books:
1. John Bellamy, Digital Telephony , John Wiley
and Sons, INC.
2. William C. Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular
Telecommunications Analog and Digital Systems,
McGraw-Hill.

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 Lecture 1 – Introduction

Data - meaningful facts about an object, person etc.

Data communication – exchange of data between

two devices via some forms of transmission medium
such as wire cable.

Communication system – made up of a combination

of hardware (physical equipments) and software
(programs).

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 Effectiveness of Data Communication

The effectiveness of communication system three fundamental

characteristics:
 Delivery – the system must deliver the data to the correct
destination. Data must be received by the intended device
or user.

 Accuracy – the system must deliver the data accurately.

Data that have been altered in transmission and left
uncorrected are unusable.

 Timeliness – the system must deliver the data in timely

manner. Data delivered in late are useless.

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 Components of Data Communication
There are five components of data communication:
 Message – the information to be communicated. It can consist of text, numbers,
pictures, sound, or video-or combination of these.

 Sender – the device that sends the data message. Example - computer, workstation,
telephone handset, video camera, and so on.

 Receiver – the device that receives the message. Example- computer, workstation,
telephone handset, television, and so on.

 Medium – the physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver.
Example – twisted-pair, coaxial cable, fiber optics, or radio waves (terrestrial or
satellite microwave).

 Protocol – a set of rules that governs the data communication. It represents an

agreement between the communicating devices. Without protocol, two devices may be
connected but not communicating. Ex – a person speaking in Bangla can be
understood by a French speaking person with set of rules like translation process.
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 Components of Data Communication

Protocol Protocol
Step 1: Step 1:
Step 2: Step 2:
Step 3: Step 3:
…….. ……..
…….. ……..

Sender Message & Medium Receiver

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 Alternate Figure: Components of a data communication system

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 Direction of Data Flow

Communication between two devices can be:

 Simplex – signals are transmitted in one direction; only one
of the devices on a link can transmit while the other one
only receive. Example – Keyboard and traditional monitor.

 Half-Duplex – Both way data transmission but one at a

time. Examples – Walkie-talkies, Citizens Band radios.

 Full-Duplex – Both can transmit data simultaneously.

Example – Telephone.

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 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

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 NETWORK
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by
communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device
capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network.

Distribute Processing:

A network must meet the following criteria:

 Performance – can be measured in many ways, including transmit time and
response time. The performance of a network depends on a number of users, the
type of transmission medium, capabilities of the connected hardware, and the
efficiency of the software.

 Reliability – is measured by the frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover
from a failure, and the network robustness in a catastrophe.

 Security – measure by the capabilities of protecting data from unauthorized access.

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 Network Connections

There are two types of connection:

 Point-to-point – provides a direct link between
two devices. The entire capacity is reserved for
transmission between those two devices.

 Multipoint – more than two devices share a

single link. Example – Bus Topology.

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 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

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 Network Topology
Topology refers to the way a network is laid out physically.
There are four basic types of topologies:

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 Topology
Mesh Topology

Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other

device. A fully connected mesh network has n(n-1)/2 physical
channels to link n devices.

Advantages:
 No data traffic problems.
 Robust networking system
 Privacy and security
Disadvantages.
 Amount of cabling
 Number of I/O ports
 Installation and connection
 More cable space
 Expensive I/O ports and cables
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 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

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 Topology Continues..
Star Topology – in a star topology, each device has a
dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller
called hub; hub relays the data to receiver that came from
sender.
 Advantages:
– Less expensive than Mesh topology
– Easy to install and configure
– Robust networking system
– Easy fault identification and fault isolation
 Disadvantages.
– Amount of cabling
– Each node must be linked to the central hub

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 A star topology connecting four stations

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 Topology Continues..
Bus Topology – a multipoint topology where a long cable
acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network.
Nodes are connected to the bus by drop lines and taps.
 Advantages:
– Easy to install and configure
– Less cabling than Mesh or Star

 Disadvantages.
– Difficult to reconnect
– Difficult to isolate a fault
– Difficult to connect new device to the backbone
– A fault or broken backbone can stop the network connection

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 A bus topology connecting three stations

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 Topology Continues..
Ring Topology – each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection
only with the two devices on either side of it. A signal is passed along
the ring in one direction, from device to device, until it reaches its
reaches its destination. Generally in a ring, a signal is circulating at all
times. If a device does not receive a signal in a specified period, it can
issue an alarm.

 Advantages:
– Easy to install and configure
– Less cabling than Mesh or Star

 Disadvantages.
– Limited number of devices
– Limited length in connecting medias
– Unidirectional traffic
– A break in the ring can stop the entire network

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 A ring topology connecting six stations

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 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

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 How do we decide which
topology to use?
 Depends on the following factors.
– Reliability
– Expandability/Flexibility
– Performance

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 Categories of Networks
When we speak of networks, we generally refer to
three primary categories.
 LAN – Local Area Network

 MAN – Metropolitan-area network

 WAN – Wide Area Network

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 LAN
 Usually privately owned and links the devices in a
single office, building, or campus.
 Short distances
 Designed to provide local interconnectivity
 LAN size is limited to a few kilometers.
 Designed to allow resources to be shared between
personal computers.
 LAN are distinguished from other types of networks
by their transmission media and topology.
 LAN have data rate in the 4 to 6 Mbps.
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 MAN
 Designed to extend over an entire city.
 MAN to connect several LANs in the entire
city
 Provide connectivity over areas such as a
city, a campus
 Example – Cable television network

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 WAN
 Provides long distance transmission of data,
voice, image, and video information over
large geographic areas that may comprise a
country, a continent, or even the whole
world.
 Long distances
 Provide connectivity over large areas
 Enterprise Network – WAN that is wholly
owned and used by a single company is
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often referred to as enterprise network.
 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

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 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

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 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

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 Internet
 Collection of more than hundreds of thousands
many separate networks.
 Began its journey in 1969 as ARPANET.
 TCP/IP protocol is used for internetworking
 IP (Internet Protocol) is used for datagram routing;
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is used for
higher level of internetworking functions such as
segmenting, reassembly, and error detection.
 Internet connections are provided through local
ISPs.
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 Hierarchical organization of the Internet
NAP = Network Access Point

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 Protocol
 A set of rules that govern data communications.
 A protocol defines-
 how what is communicated
 how it is communicated
 when it is communicated

The key elements of protocols are –

 Syntax
 Semantics
 Timing

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 Key Elements of a Protocol
 Syntax
– Structure or format of the data
– Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
Example – of a particular packet, first 8 bit is the address of the sender, the second
8 bit is the address of the receiver, and the rest is the message itself.
 Semantics
– Interprets the meaning of the bits
– Knows which fields define what action
Example – does the address identify the route to be taken or the final destination to
the message?
 Timing
– When data should be sent and what
– Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is being received.

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 Thank You

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