VIEWS OF DATA
• A DBMS is a system that includes:
• A collection of interrelated data, and
• A set of programs to access and modify that data.
Main Purpose:
To provide users with an abstract view of the data by hiding the details of how it is stored and
maintained.
DATA ABSTRACTION
LEVELS OF ABSTRACTION
• PHYSICAL LEVEL
o Lowest level of abstraction
o Describes how data are actually stored
o Uses complex low-level structures
• LOGICAL LEVEL
o Describes what data are stored and relationships among them
o Uses simple structures (like records)
o Supports physical data independence
o Used by database administrators
LEVELS OF ABSTRACTION
• VIEW LEVEL
o Highest level of abstraction
o Describes only part of the entire database
o Simplifies user interaction
o Allows multiple views of the same data
o Provides security by restricting access to parts of the database
INSTANCES AND SCHEMAS
INSTANCE
The collection of information stored in the database at a particular moment.
SCHEMA
The overall design of the database.
ANALOGY
o A database schema is like variable declarations in a program
o An instance is like the current values of those variables
TYPES OF SCHEMAS
Physical Schema : Describes the database design at the physical level.
Logical Schema : Describes the database design at the logical level(Most important for
application programs, as they interact with this level).
View Schema (Subschema) : Describes different views of the database for different users.
Physical Data Independence:
• Physical schema is hidden below the logical schema.
• It can change without impacting application programs.
• Applications that don’t rely on storage details have physical data independence.
ALAGAPPA CHETTIAR GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University)
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
AND ENGINEERING
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (22CSC32)
TOPIC: DATA MODELS
GIVEN BY
S. SYED SUHAILA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR-CSE
ACGCET-KARAIKUDI-630003
DATA MODELS
A data model is a set of conceptual tools used to describe:
• Data
• Relationships
• Semantics
• Consistency constraints
It provides a way to describe the design of a database at the physical, logical and view
levels.
Types of Data Models
Entity-
Relational Model Object-Based Semistructured
Relationship
Data Model Data Model
Model
TYPES OF DATA MODELS
1)RELATIONAL MODEL
o Uses a collection of tables(relations) to represent both data and relationships.
o Each table has multiple columns, each column has a unique name(also known as attributes).
o It is a record-based model.
o Each table stores records of a particular type.
o Each record type defines a fixed number of fields (attributes).
o The relational model is the most widely used data model.
TYPES OF DATA MODELS
RELATIONAL MODEL EXAMPLE
COLUMN
(ATTRIBUTE)
TABLE
(RELATION)
ROW
(RECORD)
TYPES OF DATA MODELS
2) ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP (ER) MODEL
o Uses a collection of basic objects, called entities and relationships among these objects.
o An entity is a “thing” or “object” in the real world that is distinguishable from other objects.
ENTITY RELATIONSHIP
TYPES OF DATA MODELS
3) OBJECT-BASED DATA MODEL
o Extends the E-R model with:
Encapsulation
Methods (functions)
Object identity
o The Object-Relational Model combines the features of the object-oriented and relational
models.
TYPES OF DATA MODELS
4) SEMISTRUCTURED DATA MODEL
• Permits data items of the same type to have different sets of attributes.
• In contrast to earlier models, which require every data item of a type to have the same set of
attributes.
• XML (Extensible Markup Language) is widely used to represent semistructured data.
HISTORICAL DATA MODELS
Network data model and hierarchical data model preceded the relational model but were complex and
are now rarely used, except in old systems.
THANK YOU
