INPUT DEVICES

Lecture 3
Last Lecture Summary
 Computer Hardware
 Processor, Memory, Motherboard
 Input Devices
 Output Devices
 Communication devices
 Storage Devices
 Magnetic storage devices, Floppy Hard disk
 Optical storage devices, CD, DVD, Blu Ray
 Computer Software
 System software and Application software
 Computer Users
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 Using the input devices
 CPU is computer brain the input
devices are its sensory organs
 From user point of view, input device
are important
 Enables user to enter information and
commands into the computer
 Two common input devices
 Keyboard
 Mouse

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 Input Devices
 Hardware used to enter data and
instructions

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 Two Common Input Devices

 Keyboard

 Mouse

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The Keyboard
 First peripheral to be used with computers
 The most common input device for
inputting text and numbers
 About 100 keys
 Must be proficient with keyboard
 Skill is called keyboarding

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Standard Keyboard
Layout
 IBM Enhanced Keyboard with 101 keys

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 Five Groups of Keys
 Alphanumeric Keys
 Modifier Keys
 Numeric Keypad
 Function Keys
 Cursor Movement keys

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9
Alphanumeric Keys
 Area of computer that looks like
a typewriter
 Sometimes called QWERTY
 Keys having specific functions
 Tab
 Caps Lock
 Backspace
 Enter

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Modifier Keys
 Shift
 Alt (Alternate)
 Ctrl (Control)
 Modify the input of other keys

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 Numeric Keypad
 usually located on the
right side of the
keyboard,
 Has 10 digits and
mathematical operators
(+, -, *, and /).
 also features a NumLock
key
 On - forces the numeric
keys to input numbers.
 Off - perform cursor
movement control and
other functions.
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 Function Keys
 labeled F l, F2, and so on
 in a row along the top of the keyboard.

 allow you to input commands without typing long

strings of characters or navigating menus or dialog
boxes.
 Each key's purpose depends on the program you are
using.
 Many programs use function keys along with modifier
keys to give the function keys more capabilities.

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Cursor Movement Keys
 let you move around the
screen without using a
mouse.
 Cursor is a mark on the
screen indicates where the
characters you type will be
entered
 Arrow Keys
 Home and End
 PgUp and PgDn
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Special Purpose Keys
 Esc (Escape)
 Insert
 Delete
 PrtSc (Print Screen)
 ScrLk (Scroll Lock)
 Pause
 Two special for Microsoft Windows
 Start
 Shortcut

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Internet and Multimedia
Controls
One of the latest trends is
the addition of Internet and
multimedia controls.
 Microsoft's Internet
Keyboard and MultiMedia
Keyboard,
 e.g. you can use the buttons
to launch a Web browser,
check e-mail and start your
most frequently used
programs.
 Multimedia buttons
 control the computer’s CD-
ROM or DVD drive
 adjust the speaker volume
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How Keyboard Works
 Key is pressed on keyboard
 Keyboard controller detects a key press
 Keeps the code in its memory, Keyboard
buffer
 Code represents the key pressed
 Controller notifies the operating system
via an interrupt
 Operating system responds the
interrupt by the reading the code from
buffer
 OS passes the code to CPU
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QWERTY Keyboard
Layout

Latham Sholes' 1878 QWERTY

keyboard layout

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Non-standard layout and special-use

 Chorded keyboard

 Software or virtual keyboard

 Foldable keyboard

 Projection (as by Laser)

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Chorded Keyboard
 Associate actions with combinations of key
presses
 As many combinations available, chorded
keyboards can effectively produce more
actions on a board with fewer keys
 Court reporters mostly use them

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Software or Virtual Keyboards
 is a software component that allows a
user to enter characters.
 usually be operated with multiple input
devices,
 Touch screen,
 Actual keyboard and
 Mouse.

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Foldable Keyboards
 made of soft plastic or silicone
which can be rolled or folded
on itself for travel
 When in use, these keyboards
can conform to uneven
surfaces, and
 are more resistant to liquids
than standard keyboards.
 connected to portable devices
and smart phones.
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Projection Keyboard
 project an image of keys, usually with a laser, onto a
flat surface.
 The device then uses a camera or infrared sensor to
"watch" where the user's fingers move
 Projection keyboards can simulate a full size
keyboard from a very small projector.

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Wireless Keyboard
 provides increased user freedom
 includes a required combination transmitter
and receiver unit that attaches to the
computer's keyboard port.
 The wireless aspect is achieved either by
radio frequency (RF) or by infrared (IR)
signals sent and received from both the
keyboard and the unit attached to the
computer.
 A wireless keyboard may use an industry
standard RF, called Bluetooth.
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The Mouse
 All modern computers have a variant
 Allows users to select objects
 Pointer moved by the mouse
 Mechanical mouse
 Rubber ball determines direction and speed
 The ball often requires cleaning
 Optical mouse
 Light shown onto mouse pad
 Reflection determines speed and direction
 Requires little maintenance

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The Mouse
mouse buttons
wheel
button

ball

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Optical Mouse

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 Benefits of Using Mouse
 Pointer positioning is fast
 Menu interaction is easy
 Users can draw electronically

Mouse Button
Configuration
 Configured for a right-handed user
 Can be reconfigured for left handed
 Between 1 and 6 buttons
 Extra buttons are configurable

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Interacting With a Mouse
 Actions involve pointing to an object
 Clicking selects the object
 Double clicking the object
 Clicking and holding drags the object
 Releasing an object is a drop
 Right clicking activates the shortcut
menu
 Modern mice include a scroll wheel

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Variants of the Mouse
 Trackballs
 Upside down mouse
 Hand rests on the ball
 User moves the ball
 Uses little desk space
 Mostly two buttons
 Can be configured for both
 right-handed and
 Left-handed use

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Track Pads
 Stationary pointing device
 Small plastic rectangle
 Finger moves across the pad
 Pointer moves with the pointer
 Popular on laptops

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 Track Point
 Track point
 Little joystick on the
keyboard between
G, H & B keys
 Move pointer by
moving the joystick
 Two buttons
beneath Spacebar
same as mouse
 Save great of time
and effort

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Ergonomics and Input
Devices
 Ergonomics
 which is the study of the physical relationship
between people and their tools—such as
computers— addresses these issues.
 People recognize the importance of having
ergonomically correct computer furniture
 Ergonomically correct
 means that a tool or a workplace is designed to
work properly with the human body, and
 thus reduces the risk of strain and injuries.

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 Repetitive Strain Injury
 (RSI)
an injury of the musculoskeletal and
nervous systems that may be caused by
 repetitive tasks,
 forceful exertions,
 vibrations,
 mechanical compression (pressing against hard
surfaces),
 sustained, or
 awkward positions
 Caused by continuous misuse of the body
in ways it was not designed to work
 Many professions suffer from RSI 34
 Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
 Carpal tunnel is a passage way in the wrist
through which nerves pass
 Holds nerves and tendons
 Prolonged keyboarding swells tendons
 Median nerve is compressed at wrist
 Resulting in numbness or pain or the
inability to use the hands
 victims can miss weeks or months of work.
 In extreme cases, surgery is required.

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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-9318834/carpal-tunnel-syndrome
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 Avoiding Keyboard Related Injuries

 To avoid RSIs set the workspace in an ergonomically

friendly way
 Choose comfortable office furniture
 Office chair should:
 Allow you to adjust its height.

 Provide good lower-back support.

 Have adjustable armrests

 The desk should

 hold your keyboard and mouse at the proper height,

 your hands are at the same height as your elbows (or a

few inches lower) when you hold them over the

keyboard.

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Avoiding Keyboard Related Injuries

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How To Sit At a
Computer

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How To Sit At a
Computer

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Techniques to Avoid RSI
 Use an ergonomic keyboard
 Sit up straight
 Have a padded wrist support
 Keep your arms straight
 Keyboard properly
 Take frequent breaks

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Keep Your Wrists Straight

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Alternate Input Devices

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Few Basics: Other Input
Devices  Joystick
 Scanner
 Barcode readers
 Q-R code readers
 Camera
 Microphone
 Digital Camera
 Interactive
whiteboards
 Sensors
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Touch Screens
 accept input by allowing
the user to place a
fingertip directly on the
computer screen
 Use sensors to detect
touch
 Well suited for simple
applications
 ATM
 Public information kiosk
 Smartphones
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Touch Screens
 work well in environments where dirt or
weather would render keyboards and
pointing devices useless, and
 where a simple, intuitive interface is
important.
 Touch screens have become common in
 fast-food restaurants,
 department stores,
 drugstores, and supermarkets,
 where they are used for all kinds of purposes,
from creating personalized greeting cards to
selling lottery tickets.
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Types of Touch Screens

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Types of Touch Screens

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Game Controllers
 Enhances gaming experience
 Provide custom input to the game
 Modern controllers offer feedback
 Two broad Categories
 Joystick
 Game pad

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 Joystick
 Around for long time
 Can be used other than games
 enable the user to “ fly” or “ drive”
through a game, directing a vehicle or
character
 popular in racing and flying games
 One variant is the racing game controller,
which includes an actual steering wheel
 some racing game controllers even
include foot pedals and gearshifts
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 Game Pad
 is a small, flat device that usually provides two sets of
controls— one for each hand.
 extremely flexible and are used to control many kinds of
games
 If you do not have a joystick, you can use a game pad to
control most racing and flying games.
 Many computer games still provide support for a mouse
or keyboard, so a dedicated game controller is not always
required

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Optical Input Devices
 Allows the computer to see
input
 Bar code readers
 Converts bar codes to
numbers
 UPC Universal Product Code
 Works by reflecting light
 Amount of reflected light
indicates number

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Bar Code Reading
Process
reader emits a beam of that is reflected by the
bar code image
 light-sensitive detector identifies the bar code
image by recognizing special bars at both
ends of the image
 special bars are different, so the reader can
tell whether the bar code has been read right-
side up or upside down
 After detector has identified the bar code, it
converts the individual bar patterns into
numeric digits code the computer can
understand
 reader then feeds the data into the computer
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 Image Scanners
 Converts printed media into electronic
 Reflects light on the image
 Sensors read the intensity
 Filters determine color depths

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 How an Image is
Scanned
 A light source is moved across a printed
page
 The light bounces off the page and is
passed through a lens
 And onto the light sensitive diodes
which converts light to electricity. There
are usually 300-600 diodes per inch.
 A circuit board converts the electricity to
numbers and send the information to
the computers
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Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

 Converts scanned image into editable

text
 Image is stored in the computer’s
memory as a bitmap.
 Bitmap is a grid of dots, each dot
represented by one or more bits
 translate that array of dots into text that
the computer can interpret as letters
and numbers

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Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

 Each letter is scanned

 Letters are compared to known letters
 Best match is entered into document
 Rarely 100% accurate

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 Scanner types
 Handheld scanners
 more portable but typically
require multiple passes to
scan a single page
 Flatbed scanners
 offer higher-quality
reproduction than do
handheld scanners and
 can scan a page in a single
pass

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Audiovisual Input Devices
 Microphones
 Used to record speech
 Speech recognition
 “Understands” human speech
 Allows dictation or control of computer
 Matches spoken sound to known phonemes
 Enters best match into document

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 Speech Recognition
 demand for translating spoken words
into text
 Translating voice to text is a capability
known as speech recognition (or
voice recognition).
 With it, you can dictate to the computer
instead of typing, and you can control
the computer with simple commands
 translates Phonemes into text or
commands
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 Other type of Audio
 Input
Computers can accept many kinds of
audio input
 Sound card with the appropriate plugs
 a compact disc
 a tape player
 a radio or
 even a record player
 If the audio source outputs sounds in the
form of analog, sound card must convert
the analog signals into digital code so
the computer can store and use it.
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Musical Instrument Digital
Interface (MIDI)
 Connects musical instruments to
computer
 Digital recording or playback of music
 Musicians can produce professional
results

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Video Input
 With growth of multimedia and the
Internet, computer users are adding
video input capabilities to their systems
in great numbers
 Applications such as video
conferencing enable people to use full-
motion video images
 Videos are commonly used in
presentations and on Web pages

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Video Camera and Webcam
 video cameras used with computers
digitize images by breaking them into
individual pixels
 pixel is one or more dots that express a
portion of an image
 Each pixel’s color and other
characteristics are stored as digital code
 With Webcam the user can “capture”
images of himself or herself while
working at the computer (mostly in
Laptops etc.)
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Digital Cameras
 portable, handheld devices
that capture still images
 digitizes the image
 compresses it, and
 stores it on a special memory card.
 user can then copy the information to
a PC, where the image can be edited,
copied, printed, embedded in a
document, or transmitted to another
user
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Interactive Whiteboards
 About Interactive
Whiteboards. Interactive
whiteboards are large
writable display screens
(usually in white color) that
can be connected to a
computer, allowing its
screen to be displayed on
the board through a
projector. They are also
sometimes referred to
as electronic interactive
whiteboards.
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 Sensors
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from
the physical environment. ... An oxygen sensor in a car's emission control
system detects the gasoline/oxygen ratio, usually through a chemical
reaction that generates a voltage.

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 Summary
 Standard input devices
 Standard Keyboard, Five groups of Keys
 How Keyboard works? Dvorak Keyboard
 The Mouse
 Variants of Mouse
 Ergonomics and input devices
 Repetitive Stress Injuries
 Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
 Avoiding Keyboard related injuries
 How to sit at a computer
 Techniques to avoid RSI
 Alternate Input devices
 Devices for the hand (Touch Screens, types of touch screens)
 Game controllers
 Joystick Game pad
 Optical Input Devices (Scanners, Barcodes, Q-R code)
 Audio Input devices (Microphone)
 Video input devices (Digital Camera)
 Sensors

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