INTRODUCTI

ON TO ICT

1
Definition of a computer
 A computer is a electronic device which accepts
user input (data) processes it following a set of
instructions (program) to produce output
(information) which it can store for future use or
output for decision making.
 A computer is termed as an electronic device because
It uses electrical signals to process data
 It is made up of electronic components and uses
electric energy to operate
2
Data
 They are raw facts that are meaningless to
the user and cannot be used to make
decision e.g. numbers, letters etc.

3
Processing
 Refers to the way data is manipulated to
turn into information e.g. arithmetic
operation, addition subtraction etc.

4
Information
 Refers to data which has been processed.

5
Typical desktop personal computer
 Computers come in
different sizes designs
but the most common
is a computer referred
to as a Personal
Computer (PC).
Personal computers
are mostly used in
offices, schools,
business premises and
at home. 6
Parts of a computer

 System unit –. This is the casing that houses the

internal components of the computer such as
the CPU and storage devices


7
devices located under the cover of the
system unit
 Central processing Unit (CPU)
 Motherboard
 Power supply unit
 Main memory
 Hard disk
 Disk drives
 Battery
 Buses
 Input/ output ports
 Video card
 Expansion slots

8
 The pieces of hardware that come fixed in
the system unit are referred to as onboard
devices e.g the cpu, primary memory
 Peripheral devices – are external devices
connected to system unit through ports
using data interface cables that carry data
and information to and from the devices
 A port is an opening or a socket in a
computer or network into which a device
can be plugged

9
Some of peripheral devices are
 Keyboard – enables the user to enter
data and instructions in the computer by
pressing keys.
 Mouse – enables user to issue
instructions to computer by controlling
the mouse pointer displayed on screen.
 Monitor – enables the user to see
information (output) and disk drives
10
Development of computers
 Historical development of computers can
be traced back to the time human beings
were struggling to invent non electronic
tools that would simplify arithmetic such as
Abacus and Napier's bones.

11
Abacus
 An Abacus was
Chinese counting
instrument which dates
back to 3000 BC. The
Abacas has bead-like
parts that move along
rods. Each bead
above the middle bar
stands for five units.
Each bead below
stands for one unit. 12
Analytical engine
 The Analytical engine
was designed by English
mathematician, Charles
Babbage in 1832. The
engine is recognised as
the first real computer
and Babbage as the
father of computing. The
left picture depicts how
the analytical engine
would have looked like if
it was constructed. 13
1st generation computer (1940-1958)
 These computers were huge,
expensive and often broke
down.
 They were slow compared to
today’s computers
 Their internal storage
capacity was limited. Cards
were used to enter data into
the computer.
 They used vacuum tubes to
control internal operations,
i.e for circuitry
 They relied on machine
language for data processing
 Output was displayed on
printouts
 They were used for payroll
processing and bulling e.g.
IBM 650 and UNIAC. 14
Advantages and disadvantages of 1st generation

Advantages Disadvantages
 Vacuum tubes  They were too bulky.
technology made  They were unreliable.
possible the advent  Had limited memory.
of electronic digital
 They generated a lot
computer.

of heat.
These computers
 Consumed a lot of
were the fastest
calculating device at power.
their time.
15
2nd generation computer (1958-1964)
 They used transistors for internal operations
 Relied on punched cards for input and printouts for
output
 They had increased storage capacity compared to first
generation.
 The language moved from machine language to
assembly language
 They were the first computers to store their instructions
in their memory i.e magnetic core
 They had great reduction in size and heat generation,
increased speed and reliability compared to first
generation
16
Advantages and disadvantages of 2nd generation

Advantages Disadvantages
 They were smaller  Require air
in size compared to conditioning to cool
first generation. them down.
 They more reliable.  Required frequent
 They generated less maintenance.
heat.  Commercial
 They were less production was
prone to hardware difficult and costly.
failure. 17
3rd generation computers (1964-1970)
 These computers used
integrated circuits,
 They used keyboard to
input data
 Monitors were used for
information output
 High level languages
were used by
programmers e.g
FORTRAN and COBOL
 Introduction of operating
system 18
 Multiprogramming was introduced.
Multiprogramming refers to the ability of a computer to
process more than one job at the same time.
 Magnetic disks were used for the first time for data
storage
 Computer memory expanded to 2 mega bytes(MB)
 Minicomputers were introduced during this time

19
Advantages and disadvantages of 3rd generation

Advantages Disadvantages
 Smaller in size.
 More reliable.  Highly sophisticated
 Emitted less heat. technology required
 for the manufacture of
Maintenance cost
integrated circuit.
was low because
hardware failure
were rare.  They were costly
 Required less
power. 20
4th generation computers (1970-1989)
 These computers use
large scale integrated
circuit (LSIC)/VLSI
 Saw the development of
the first microcomputer
or PC
 Use of operating systems
with graphical user
interfaces hence the
mouse and other hand
held devices
 .
21
 The computers could be networked to
share resouces
 Optical disks such as compact disks were
introduced for data storage
 Virtual memory was introduced

Examples of 4th generation computers

IBM 370
Burroughs 7700
macintosh

22
Advantages and disadvantages of 4th generation

Advantages
 They are smaller in size because of high componen
density.
 Very reliable.
 Generate neglible heat.
 Much faster in computational.
 They are not prone to hardware failure.
 They are portable because of their small size.
Disadvantage
 Highly sophisticated technology required for
manufacturer of LSI chips.
23
5th generation computers (1990-present)
 This generation is characterized by the emerging of
telecommunication with computer technology.
 The goal of this generation is to develop devices that respond
to natural language input and are capable of learning and self
organization
 The technology used is super conductor and parallel
processing
A super conductor allows the flow of electricity with little
resistance. This improves the speed of information flow
Parallel processing allows many processors to work as one.
 Voice recognition input devices have been introduced and are
in use, e.g microphone
24
 Artificial intelligence was introduced:
AI refers to the ability of a computer to emulate human
behavior
 Internet fully developed making the world a global village
 Distributed computing has been developed

It divides the task to be processed across many different

computer systems positioned in different geographical
regions
 The introduction of ICT that has led to the development of
communication gadgets such as cell phones which has
led to the improvement of communication

25
Classification of computers
 Physical size  Functionality
 Analog computers
 Super computers  Digital computers
 Hybrid computers
 Mainframe
 Purpose
 Mini computers  General purpose
 Special purpose
 Micro computers  Dedicated
26
 Classification according to physical size
By physical size refers to their categorization according to
how big or small the computer is physically.
1. Super computers
 They are the fastest,
largest, most
expensive and
powerful computers.
Mainly used in
weather forecasting,
nuclear energy
research fluid
dynamic calculations
etc. 27
2. Mainframe
 The name mainframe
came from the fact
that all units including
processing and
communication would
be hung on a frame.
 They are the second
largest after super
computers

28
 They are mainly used to run commercial
applications in institutions such as banks,
airlines and hospitals.
 They are less powerful and less expensive
than the super computers.
 The main difference between a super and
a mainframe is that a super computer
channels all its power into executing a few
programs as fast as possible while the
main frame uses its power to execute
many programs concurrently
29
Mini computers (Physical size)
 They are physically
smaller and cheaper
than mainframes.
 They have a less
processing speed
compared to super
and mainfarme
 They are used in
research institutions,
scientific laboratories
30
Micro computers (Physical size)
 The smallest, cheapest
and least powerful type of
computers. It’s called a
microcomputer because
its processing unit is
implemented as a
microprocessor.
 They are mainly used for
individual or personal
tasks and designed for
use by one person at a
time hence they are also
called personal
computers
31
 They are used mainly in learning institutions
 Types of micro computers
 Desktop
 Laptop
 Palm top

Note: they acquire their names according to

where they are placed for the user to
operate them easily.

32
Types of micro computer
(Desktop computer)
 Desktop computer –
this is not portable.
It’s designed to be
placed on top of an
office desk.

33
Types of micro computer
(Laptop computer)
 Laptop computer –
this is portable
briefcase. Designed
to be used by placing
it on the lap.

34
Types of micro computer
(Palm top computer)
 This is small enough
to fit in the pocket and
can be held in the
palm when being
used.

35
Advantages and disadvantages of laptops
Advantages
 They are portable.
 Ruggedness – laptop computers are designed to withstand
most of the rigors of travel.
 Display – active color screen show sharper, clearer images
which prevent eye strain.
 Power – laptop batteries serve as built in uninterruptible
power supply.

Disadvantages
 Performance – many laptops have slower clocks speed to
conserve power and also have similar memory capacity.
 Expandility – laptops PCs limit your expansion options.
 Connecting laptops have few ports and no growth potential.
 Security – laptops PCs are easier to steal.
 Display – laptops screens are limited to VGA resolution. 36
Classification according to functionality
Refers to how they are categorized according to the
way they process data and the kind of data a computer
can process
 1. Analog computers
– they are designed
to process data in
which the variable
quantities vary
continuously.
 The data
continuously vary or
are in continuous
form they are called37
Analog data and can be represented as a
wave
They used to perform comparison by
measuring changes in physical magnitude
They are suitable for use in simulation and
evaluation of dynamic situations e.g in
weather forecasting, flight simulation etc

38
Digital computers

 These are the most

commonly used
computers. They are
designed to process
data in discrete form.
These kind of data are
known as digital data
 Digital computers – their
operations are based on
two states namely “on”
and “off” or “I” and “O”.
39
 They are mostly used in areas such as
reservation systems, scientific
investigation, electronic games etc.
Hybrid computers
 they are computers which are built with the
characteristics of both analog and digital
computers.

40
Classification according to
Purpose
 General purpose – they are designed to be
able to perform a variety of tasks.
 Special purpose – they are designed to serve a
specific purpose e.g. robots used in industries,
mobile phone for communication only etc.
 Dedicated – they are general purpose
computers that are committed to some
processing task e.g. dedicated to word
processor tasks only.
41
Computer laboratory
 A computer laboratory is a room that has
been specially prepared to facilitate
installation of computers and to provide a
safe conducive environment for teaching
and learning of computer studies.

42
Safety precautions in computer laboratory

 The computer lab, just like any other

laboratory, should be setup with safety
precautions in mind. Safely precautions
and practices can be divided into
measures that are meant to protect
computer and those that are meant to
protect the users.

43
Behaviour in the computer laboratory
 Avoid smoking or exposing computers to dust. Smoke
and dust particles can damage computer components.
 Avoid carrying food and beverage to computer room.
Food particles may damage computer components
while liquids may cause rusting and electrical shocks.
 Avoid unnecessary movements because you may
accidentally knock down peripherals devices.
 Follow the correct procedure for starting and shutting
down the computer.
 Accidents which may occur should be reported
immediately.
 If you are not sure of how to handle or operate any
piece of equipment in the laboratory please ask for
assistance.
44
Ventilation
 There must be good air circulation in the
computer room to avoid suffocation and
overheating. Proper ventilation enables
the computer to cool hence avoid damage
to electronic part.

45
Lighting
 Computer room should be well light to
avoid eyestrain that leads to headaches,
stress and fatigue. The user may adjust
the brightness of the computer monitor
until the eyes feel comfortable. Also
radiation filter screens may be fitted.

46
Protection against fire
 Computer room should have gaseous fire
extinguisher like those filled with CO2.
Water based or powder extinguishers
should be avoided because they can
damage computer components.

47
Dust and dump control
 The room should be fitted with special
curtains to reduce entry of dust particles.
Computers also should remain covered
with dust covers when not in use. Humidity
should be regulated in the computer room
to remain an optimum of 50%. Humidity
lower than this allows static electricity to
build up and cause damage to computer
components. High humidity of over 70%
may cause rusting of metallic parts.
48
Furniture
 The table on which a
computer is placed must
be strong and wide
enough to hold the weight
and accommodate all
peripheral devices. The
user’s seat must be
comfortable and have a
straight back rest that
allows someone to sit
upright to avoid muscle
pains and aches.
49
Burglar proofing
 To prevent unauthorized access to the
computer room the following control
should be implemented.
 Fitstrong metallic grills and locks on doors,
windows.
 Do not welcome strangers to computer room.
 Install security alarms at strategic access
points to alert security personal incase of
break in.
50
Stable power supply
 Computers require a stable source of
power. Power from main supply is not
always stable and may damage computer
components. To protect the computer from
damage due to power instabilities, avoid
connecting it directly to mains supply.
Instead connect it to a special device
called Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
then connect the UPS to main supply.
51
Function of UPS
 It regulates power
from an unstable
power source to the
required clean
stable voltage.

 It temporarily
provides power to
computer incase of
a sudden power
failure.
52
Starting up (Booting)
 It’s the process by which a computer loads
system files into the main memory.

 Types of booting
 Cold booting – the process of switching on a
computer that has been off completely by
pressing the power button.

 Warm booting – this happens when the

computer, originally on, is forced to restart by
pressing the restart button on the system unit.
53
Shutting down a computer
 It is important that the user
follows that e correct procedure
of shutting down a computer at
all time. If the procedure is not
followed, then loss of data,
damage of programs and
computer components may
occur

1. On the “Start” menu

2. Click “Shut Down” or “Turn Off
Computer”. (Shut down dialog
box is displayed)
3. Select “Shut Down” or “Turn
54
Off”.
Parts of keyboard
 Functions keys – F1 to F12.
 Alphanumeric (Tying) keys – labelled A – Z, Caps lock,
Enter keys, Tab key, Spacebar, backspace etc.
 Cursor movement (Navigation) & Editing keys – arrow keys,
Page up and Page down, Home and end keys, Edit keys,
Insert key, Delete
 Special keys – Shift, Ctrl, Alt, Esc etc.
 Numeric keys – 0 to 9, +, “, /, -

55
Using typing tutor
 In order to increase your typing speed and
accuracy, typing software offers the lessons you
need to start from using one hand while typing to
becoming a proficient user.

56
Mouse techniques
 Clicking – means pressing and releasing the left
mouse button once.
 Double clicking – pressing the left button twice
in quick succession.
 Right clicking – pressing the right hand side
mouse button once.
 Drag and drop – the user drags an item from
one location on the screen to another.
 Drag – press and hold down left button and the
move the mouse to the new location
 Drop – release the button immediately after
dragging the item to the new location. 57
Review questions 1
1. Define the term computer?
2. State different physical parts that make up a computer.
3. Differentiate the following types of computers:
A) Supercomputer and mainframe;
B) Minicomputer and a PC.
4. Differentiate between a digital and on analog computer.
5. Give two reasons why smaller computers like laptops tend
to be more expensive than desktop computers.
6. Which one of the following is not true about the system unit?
A) It houses the CPU.
B) It houses the monitor.
C) It connects to all peripheral devices using ports.
D) It has the computers power switch. 58
 Answer of review questions 1
1. A computer is an electronic device that accepts user input,
also referred to as data, and transforms it under the influence
of sets of special instructions called programs, to produce the
desired output referred to as information.
2. Monitor, system unit, mouse, keyboard, etc.
3. A). A supercomputer is larger and has more processing power
and memory than a mainframe.
B). A minicomputer is lager in physical size and more powerful
than a PC. PC was designed to be used by one person only.
4. A digital computer processes discrete data while an analog
computer processes continuous data.
5. A). The technology of producing smaller devices is expensive.
B). Convenience because of their portability.
6. B 59
Review questions 2
1. What is a mouse in 3. Pick the odd one out in
relation to computing? the list below.
A) A small destructive rodent.
B) A round plastic container A) Calculator.
with a tail. B) Mobile phone.
C) A device that controls a C) Robot
pointer on the screen.
D) A device used for typing. D) Laptop
2. Why is a screen also 4. Pick the odd one out in
called monitor? the list below.
A) It monitors the user. A) Mainframe.
B) It helps the user to track
computer operations. B) Microcomputer.
C) It monitors system C) Minicomputer.
performance. D) Digital computer.
D) It is a television. 60
 Review questions 3
1. Which of the following will be 3. What is meant by the term
most suitable for travellers. analog data.
A) Supercomputer A) Data that never stops.
B) Mainframe computer. B) Discrete data.
C) Palmnote computer. C) Large data.
D) Minicomputer. D) Continuous data.
2. Why is a mobile phone 4. Which one of the following
regarded to be a computer? is called a microprocessor?
A) It is electronic has a screen, A) The CPU of a mainframe.
keypad, memory and is B) The CPU of a minicomputer.
programmable. C) The CPU of a microcomputer.
B) It looks like a palmnote.
D) The CPU of a supercomputer.
C) It is portable.
D) It produces tones.

61
Answer of review questions 2&3
 Questions 2  Questions 3
C C
B A
C D
D C

62
Review questions 4
1. Match the following generations of computers with the
technology used to develop them.
1. First generation A. VLIC
2. Second generation B. Vacuum tubes
3. Third generation C. Transistors
4. Fourth generation D. Integrated circuits
2. Identify and explain at least five areas where
computers are used in day to day activities.
3. What were the characteristics of first generation
computers?
4. Who developed the analytical engine?
5. What is artificial intelligence?
6. Write the following initials in full:
63
A). ENIAC B).VLSI C). IC
Answer of review questions 4
1. First – Vacuum tubes
Second – Transistors
Third – Integrated circuits
Fourth – Large integrated circuits.
2. Supermarket, airport, hospitals, offices, banks, industries, etc.
3. A). Large in physical size
B). Used vacuum tubes
C). Produced a lot of heat.
D). Consumed a lot of power.
4. Charles Babbage.
5. Programs that make computers to mimic human intelligence.
6. ENIAC – Electronic Numeric Integrator And Calculator.
VLSI – Very Large Scale Integrated.
IC – Integrated Circuit.
64
Review questions 5
1. Using an abacus represent 5780.
2. Match the following computer application areas
with the role played by computers in each case.
1. Supermarket A. Matching fingerprints
2. Hospital B. Entertainment
3. Bank C. Stock control
4. Hotel D. Booking rooms
5. Home E. Analysing academic
data
6. School F. Manufacturing process control
7. Industry G. Life support machines
8. Police station H. Processing cheques 65
Answer of review questions 5
1. Representation of 57800 2. Supermarket – Stock control
with ABACUS. Hospital – Life support
machines
Bank – Processing cheques
Hotel – Booking rooms
Home – Entertainment
School – Analysing
academic data
Industry – Manufacturing
process control
Police station – Matching
fingerprints
66
Review questions 6-1
1. What is the name given to alternative sources of power?
A) Generators
B) UPS
C) Power backups
D) The sun
2. Which of the following will not ensure proper ventilation in a room?
A) Adequate windows and doors
B) Overcrowding
C) Installing fans
D) Air conditioning system
3. All the following are dangerous to a computer except one. Which
one is it?
A) Water
B) Smoke
C) Proper ventilation
67
D) Dust
Review questions 6-2
4. Why must foods and beverages be kept out of the
computer room?
A) Because computer users should not eat.
B) Because spilling of beverages may clog and destroy
computer components.
C) Because the smell of food is not good for the
computer lab.
D) Because all foods affect computers.
5. Which one of the following statement is correct?
A) Opening the system unit when it is sill on.
B) Using magnets in the computer room.
C) Covering the computers with dust covers after
shutting them down.
D) Stepping on power and data cables 68
Review questions 7-1
1. Why are powder fire extinguishers not allowed in the computer
room?
A) Powder particles settle on storage devices and may scratch
them during read/write operation.
B) Powder is poisonous.
C) It fills the room with mist.
D) Powder changes to liquid when sprayed on fire.
2. All the following are functions of the UPS except one. Which one is
it?
A) It prevents sudden power surges to destroy the computer.
B) It supplies power to the computer during blackouts and
brownouts.
C) It provides stable power supply (clean power).
D) It can be used as the main power source for computer.

69
Review questions 7-2
3. Which of the following reasons are likely
to cause eye strain in the computer
room.
A) Poor lighting
B) Bright monitor
C) Poor ventilation
D) Antiradiation screen

70
Review questions 8
1. All the following are proper sitting postures while using a
computer except one. Which one is it?
A) Straight posture on the seat back.
B) Feet firmly on the floor.
C) High enough seat allowing eyes to be level with top of the
screen.
D) Bending the back backwards on a relaxing chair.
2. What can be done to deter illegal access to a computer
room by unauthorised person?
A) Burglar proof the room by reinforcing doors and weak access
points.
B) Welcome strangers to the room.
C) Leave the room open when nobody is using it.
D) Switch off security alarm when leaving the room 71
Answer of review questions 6,7&8
 Questions6  Questions7
C A
B D
C A and B
B
C  Questions8
D
A

72
 Review questions 9
1. What is booting?
2. Differentiate between cold booting and warm booting.
3. What is the difference between function keys and
special PC keys?
4. Explain the various categories of keys found on a
standard keyboard.
5. What makes a mouse move a pointer on the screen?
6. Explain the correct procedure for shutting down one
7. Define the following terms:
A). Clicking; B). Double Clicking;
C). Drag and drop; D). Right clicking;
E). Mouse pointer; 73
Answer of review questions 9-1
1. Booting refers to process whereby a computer goes
through a process of self test and preparation for use.
2. Cold booting is starting up a computer while warm
booting is restarting a computer.
3. Function keys are specifically used to perform certain
program specific tasks. Special purpose keys are used
to give certain commands. They are mostly used in
combination with other keys.
4. Alphanumeric keys, function keys, cursor movement
and editing keys, special purpose keys and numeric
keypad keys.
5. Moving the mouse on any direction on a flat surface.
6. Click start, turn off computer then turn off. 74
 Answer of review questions 9-2
7. A). Clicking – pressing and releasing the left mouse
button once.
B). Double clicking – pressing the left hand side
button twice in quick succession.
C). Right clicking – pressing the right mouse button
once displays a list of commands from which the
user can make a selection.
D). Drag and drop – this is where the user drags an
item from one location on the screen to another.
E). Mouse pointer – is an arrow or an object in form
of a picture that is used to point on the task to be
performed on the application window.
75
Revision questions 1
1. Explain why smoke and dust particles are harmful to a
computer.
2. Explain the emerging trends in microcomputer
technology in relation to size.
3. Describe the ideal environment for a computer to work
properly.
4. Explain the tem system unit and name some of
components found in it.
5. What is booting? Explain what happens in the
computer during the booting process.
6. State one reason why a computer needs to be
connected to a stable power source.
7. Give two examples of special purpose computers. 76
Answer of revision questions 1
1. Dust and smoke settles on storage devices scratching
them during read/write operation.
2. PCs are becoming small and portable e.g. Personal
Digital Assistant (PDA).
3. Free from dust, water, magnets, well ventilated rooms,
medium humidity, etc.
4. This is the casing that houses the CPU and storage
devices. Components in the system unit includes CPU,
motherboard and storage devices.
5. Starting up a computer. Internally it first checks whether
all the components are in good working condition then
loads the operating system.
6. To avoid damage and lose of data.
7. Mobile phones, calculators, robots etc. 77
 Revision questions 2
1. Why would it not be good to install water based fire
extinguishers in the computer room.
2. Explain the following terms:
A) Clicking the mouse,
B) Right clicking the mouse,
C) Double clicking the mouse,
3. What precaution would you take in the computer room in case:
A) The humidity falls below normal for prolonged periods due to weather
change;
B) Users complain of backaches after long periods of using the computer;
4. Classify the following keyboard characters:
A). A,B,C,….Z B). 0,1,2,….9 C). F1, F2,….F12
D). Del, Insert E). Home, End, Page up, arrow key
F). Ctrl, Shift, Alt
78
 Answer of review questions 2
1. Water causes rusting of metallic parts and short circuits if used.
2. A). Clicking – pressing and releasing the left mouse button once.
B). Double clicking – pressing the left hand side button twice in quick.
C). Right clicking – pressing the right mouse button once displays a list of
commands from which the user can make a selection. This list of
commands is called a shortcut menu or context sensitive menu. It is
called a context sensitive menu because the commands on it apply to the
right-clicked item.
3. A). Install humidifiers in the room.
B). Improve furniture to avoid bending when using the computer.
4. A). Alphanumeric keys
B). Numeric keypad keys
C). Function keys
D). Editing keys
E). Cursor movement keys
F). Special purpose keys. 79
 Practical activity 1
 Using a typing tutor program type the text appearing in
italics.
in our minds, in our memory, in our concentration.
In our retaining power, in our intelligence.
Right from the crow of our head to the very soles of our feet.
God, keep us FREE today from evil,
Sin, temptations, attacks and afflictions,
Fear of men, sickness, disease, doubts, anger,
All calamities and from all that is not of thy Kingdom.
Fill us with the gifts of wisdom, knowledge, faith,
understanding,
And discernment. 80
 Practical activity 2
1. Using one of the computers in the computer laboratory, identify
the visible parts of a computer and write down the following
details:
A) The brand name of the computer.
B) The type of computer – whether desktop, laptop etc;
C) The number of buttons on the mouse;
D) The number of keys on the keyboard;
E) Draw a diagram of the keyboard layout;
F) Identify the power button on the system unit and the monitor;
G) Use the buttons on the monitor to adjust its brightness.
2. In group, carefully study the computer laboratory and its
arrangement. Note down the following;
A) The safety precautions in place to protect users and computers;
81
B) Users complain of backaches after long periods of using the computer.
Computer system

82
Introduction
 Computer system refers to a collection of
components that are linked to process,
store and manage information.

83
Functional organisation of the elements
 The computer system is organised into three
elements.
 Hardware – consists of the mechanical,
electrical and electronic part of a computer.
 Software – it is a set of computer programs that
guides the computer in each and every activity
that happens inside the computer during data
processing.
 Live ware – refers to users who are computer
knowledge and hence can properly utilize the
computer hardware and software. 84
Computer hardware
 They are the physical or tangible
components that make up a computer
system
 They are the electrical/electronic and
mechanical components of a computer
system all linked together through cables
 These hardware communicate with the
software to meet user needs
85
Input device
 These are devices which accept data and pass
them into the computer.
 Keying devices – keyboard use to type data
into the computer.
 Pointing devices
 Mouse
 Track ball

 Joy stick

 Light pen

 Scanning devices – they are devices that

capture data into the computer directly. 86
Diagramatic representation of
computer hardware

87
Types of keying devices 1
 Flexible keyboard – is
a more portable
keyboard that can be
folded and packed in
to bag.

 Ergonomic board – is
specially designed to
provide comfort and
alleviate wrist strain.
88
Types of keying devices 2
 Keypad – is a miniature
keyboard used on
portable devices such
as PDAs, laptops and
mobile phones.

 Braille keyboard – is a
keyboard designed for
use the blind. It consists
of key identified by
raised dots.
89
Mouse (Pointing device)
 This is for enter data
or instructions by
controlling a pointer
on the screen.

90
Trackball (Pointing device)
 Trackball – It uses a
sphere located on top
that is rotated by
hand to control cursor
movement.

91
Joy stick (Pointing device)
 It looks like a car gear
lever which can be
moved sideways,
upwards, downward
to no space control
the position of cursor.

92
Light pen (Pointing device)
 It is a hand held pen
like device that has a
light sensitive point.

93
Classification of scanners
 Optical scanners – they capture data using
light.
 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
 Optical Bar Recognition
 Optical Character/Image Scanner (OCR)

 Magnetic scanners – they capture data

using magnetic technology.
 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
 Magnetic Stripe Recognition
94
Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
(Optical scanner)
 This scanner uses mark –
sensing to scan and
translate the locations of a
series of pen or pencil
marks into computer
understandable form used
in marking K.C.P.E. multiple
choice exam, questionnaire
etc.

 Application of OMR
 Multiple choice exam.
 Market research
questionnaires.
 Payroll data entry.
 Traffic surveys. 95
Advantages and disadvantages of OMR

Advantages Disadvantages
 Has low error rates.  Mark readers are
relatively slow.
 Conspicuous errors
are easily corrected.  Verification of marked
data is difficult.
 Data captured at
source, hence  Not widely used in
minimising amount business.
of manual work.
96
Optical Bar Recognition (OBR)
(Optical scanner)
 They scan and translate a
bar code into machine
understandable mode.
Used in supermarket,
wholesale shops etc.

 Application of OBR
 On labels and on
shelves for stocktaking.
 Printed on shop goods
e.g. supermarkets.
 In libraries.
97
Advantages and disadvantages of OBR
Advantages Disadvantages
 Bar codes can only
 Bar codes can be be read machines.
printed by normal  Only numbers can be
printing methods. coded in this way.
 They are relatively
 The type of item or fixed, so they are
price does not have unsuitable for
to be repeatedly recording prices
written/typed. which can frequently
change.
98
Optical Character/Image Scanner (OCR)
(Optical scanner)
 It is used to scan
characters and
images i.e. can be
used to scan real
objects.

 Application of OCR
 Used in billing i.e
handling sales orders
 Clearing cheques
99
Advantages and disadvantages of OCR
Advantages Disadvantages
 Data is captured at
 The technology used
source hence errors are
limited and speeds up the makes the OCR an
process of inputting data expensive method of
 The source document is input.
human sensible hence  Precautions must be
easily understood
taken to avoid errors
 It’s a cost effective
 The typing and
method of input coz the
document can be turned printing should be
around . clear for correct
 Characters can be read interpretation
by people.
100
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
(Magnetic scanner)
 This scanner is able
to detect characters
written in special
magnetic ink. It is
used in banks to read
cheques, credit cards
etc.

 Application of MICR
 Bankingindustry for
cheques.
101
Advantages and disadvantages of MICR
Disadvantages
Advantages
 It’s fast, accurate  MICR system is
and automatic. limited to only 14
characters.
 The code are both
machine and human  MICR system is
readable. based on magnetism
and can easily be
 Reduces forgery i.e. damaged.
it’s difficult to forge.  The system is
expensive 102
Magnetic Stripe Recognition
(Magnetic scanner)
 A magnetic stripe is a thin
magnetic tape, often
found at the back of a
plastic card e.g. ATM
card. The magnetic stripe
is used to recognise the
data in such cards.

 Application of magnetic
stripes
 On credit cards.
 On bank cards.
 As tags on clothes.
 As a phone card.
103
Advantages and disadvantages of magnetic stripes

Advantages Disadvantages

 Simple to produce.  Data can be changed

or erased by
 magnetic fields.
Not easy damaged.

 Stores fairly large

numbers of
characters.
104
Speech recognition devices
 This is a type of input method where
microphone is used to enter data in form of
spoken words into the computer.

 Application area of speech recognition

 Security and access control e.g. office security for
room access, house/car security.
 Quality control and automatic in factories i.e.
speech input used to order robots.
 Automated materials handling – in airports to direct
luggage to appropriate conveyor belt.
 Voice activated toys and games. 105
Advantages and disadvantages of speech recognition
Advantages Disadvantages
 No keyboards in  Homophones – some
necessary i.e. very fast.

words sound the same.
Useful in situations
 Recognition is slow.
where
 hands or eyes are  Limited vocabularies.
busy handling  Background noise can
documents etc.
 People are moving disrupt the data entered.
around, since  Speaker variability i.e. the
wireless microphone speed, pitch, loudness,
can be used.

pronunciation of
Can be used from
remote locations via the individuals.
telephone.
106
Types of other digital devices
(Touch screen and digital camera)
 Touch screen – this
device recognises the
location of a contact
on the screen through
a built-in grid of
sensing lines and
sensors.
 Digital camera – they
are used to take
electronic pictures of
an object.
107
Types of other digital device
(Digitizers)
 It has graphic tablet
on which the user
writes on using a
device similar to a
pen (stylus). The
stylus moves on the
tablet and the drawing
is directly reflected on
the screen.

108
Types of other digital devices
(Interactive whiteboard)
 An interactive whiteboard
also as a smartboard, is a
large interactive display
that connects to a
computer.
 The computer display is
projected onto the
board’s surface, where
users control the
computer and write using
a pen or finger. The
board is typically
mounted to a wall or on a
floor stand. 109
 Selecting an input device
 Factors to consider while selecting an input device
 Cost
 Volume
 Reliability
 Accuracy
 Mode of operation
 Appropriateness

110
Output device
 Output devices are peripheral devices that
a computer uses to give out information
produced after processing.
 Soft copy – refers to that which can be
listened to or viewed. The output is not
tangible.
 Hard copy – refers to tangible output
produced on papers e.g. by printers, potters
etc.

111
Examples of soft copy devices
 Monitor (Visual Display Unit) VDU – it
displays information on its screen thus
helping the user monitor operations
carried out by the computer.

112
Types of monitors
 Monochrome monitor
– it displays image
and text in only one
colour mostly black
and white.

 Colour monitor – it
displays images and
text in multiple
colours.
113
Types of displays screen (CRT)
Characteristics
 The screen of CRT is
curved slightly
outward.
 They are not portable.
 They consume a lot of
power.
 They are cheap.

NB; CRT means

Cathode Ray Tubes 114
Types of display screen
(flat panel displays)
Characteristics
 The screen is flat.
 They are portable.
 Consume less power
 Occupy less space.
 Are expensive.
 Providers high quality
output.

115
Example of flat panel displays 1
 Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD) – they have
tiny liquid crystals that
reflect light falling on
them from
environment.
 Thin Film Transistors
(TFT) – it provides
high quality output
(text and graphics).
116
Example of flat panel displays 2
 Electro Luminescent
(EL) – they glow rise
to an
electroluminescent
display, images are
clearer than LCD.
 Gas plasma – they
use gas that emits
light when electric
current is passed
through them.
117
Graphic adapter/video card
 Graphic adapter it’s a piece of circuit
board that connects a monitor to a
computer and allows the computer to
show images and text on its screen.

118
Examples of graphic adapters
 Monochrome Displays Adapter (MDA) – it
displays text only in one colour.
 Hercules Graphic Card (HGC) – displays both
text and images in one colour.
 Colour Graphic Adapter (CGA) – displays text
and images using up to 16 colours.
 Enhanced Graphic Adapter (EGA) – displays text
and images using 16 colours.
 Video Graphic Arrays (VGA) – offers 256 colours.
 Super Video Graphic Array (SVGA) – offers over
256 colours. 119
Advantages and disadvantages of VDU

Advantages  Disadvantages

 The display of output  Can lure computer

is almost operator into not
instantaneous. keeping hardcopy
records.
 Minimises paperwork.
 Screen might not
allow the viewing of
the full array of data.
120
Sound output
 Sound output is in form of spoken words. Speakers
are used to output the sound form computers e.g.
music, warnings, videos etc.

 Application of sound output

 Learning aids e.g. computer aided learning.
 Lifts – messages can be used in lifts to greet
visitors and tell them the floor they are in.
 Emergency messages i.e. public address
systems, in cars when running out of petrol,
household e.g. vacuum ‘cleaners tub is
overloaded’.
 Text to speech translation for blind. 121
Advantages of sound output
Advantages Disadvantages
 No reading id
necessary.  Not suitable for noisy
 Useful in situations situations.
where you can’t look
or where you are  Inappropriate for
busy.
lengthy or permanent
 Fast, natural output.
information.
 People grow fond of
“computer speak”.
122
Data projectors
 They are used to output
from a computer onto a
plain white screen like
a wall or whiteboard. It
is a creative way of
presenting computer
output to an audience.
This technology is
gradually replacing the
traditional overhead
projectors.
123
Light Emitting Diodes
 They are light emitting components that
display light when an electric current is
passed through them. It is used mainly for
warnings e.g. the red and green light
displayed by the system unit to help the
user know whether it is ON or OFF.

124
Hardcopy output devices
 Hardcopy devices are devices that
produce output on paper in form of text or
graphics.

125
Example of hardcopy
 Printers – produce a hard copy of
information on papers.
 Plotters – it’s a type of hard copy output.
They are used mainly in the field of
engineering and architecture for producing
graphical output on paper.
 Computer output on microform – the com
devices record computer output (image or
text) on to photographic film which can be
viewed later by special microfilm readers.
126
Classification of printers
 Printers are categorised as follows;
 How they produce characters on paper.
 Impact printers – they provide prints by printing
head element coming into actual contact with the
stationery through inked ribbon.
 Non-impact printers – they provide prints by the
print head elements not coming into actual contact
with the stationery, but other means e.g. thermal.
 The speed at which they print.
 Character printers – they produce one character at
a time e.g. daisy wheel, dot matrix etc.
 Line printers – they produce one line at a time e.g.
drum, chain etc.
 Page printers – they produce an entire page at
once e.g. laser printer. 127
Differences between impact and non-impact

Impact Non-impact

Slow Faster

Use inked ribbons Use thermal or

electrostatic principles
Cheaper Costly
Noisy Quiet

Multiple copy production Multiple copy production

possible almost impossible 128
Types of impact printers 1
 Dot matrix printer –
it’s an impact
character printer that
provides character
prints in terms of dots.
The printing head
element is made up of
a set of arranged
needles, which are
activated depending
on the character to be
formed for printing. 129
Types of impact printers 2
 Daisy wheel printer – it
has a wheel petals on
which characters are
mounted. When printing,
the wheel rotates allowing
petals to hit a ribbon with
different character.
 Golf ball printer – the
character images are
incorporated on the
surface of a gold ball like
print head, which is either
rotating or pivoted.
130
Types of impact printers 2
 Drum printer – it provides
one whole line print at a
time. The characters are
incorporated on circular
bands that move round
the surface of the drum
surface.
 Chain printer – it’s an
impact line printer that
incorporates engraved
characters printing slugs
at high constant speed
past printing positions.
131
Types of non-impact printers 1
 Inkjet printer – this
printer forms
characters by
spraying ink form tiny
nozzles through an
electrical field that
arranges the charged
ink particies into
characters.

132
Types of non-impact printers 2
 Thermal printer – it’s
non-impact character
printer that provides
character prints using
heat principles.
 Electrostatic printer –
it’s a non-impact that
uses electrostatic
charges to form
characters in a line on
a special paper. 133
Types of non-impact printers 3
 Laser printer – it
prints by passing a
laser beam back and
forth over a rotating
drum.

 Photo printer – are

special purpose
printers designed to
print photos.
134
Selecting a printer
 Factors to consider when selecting a printer
 Initialcost and subsequent costs of
maintenance.
 Volume of printing expected reports.
 Nature of reports to be generated.
 Range of capability for selected printers e.g.
multiple copier, print styles etc.
 Interface with the computer system.
 Speed.
 Quality of prints.
135
Type of plotters
 Flat bed plotters

 Drum plotter

136
Computer output on microform (COM)
 The com devices record computer output
(images or text) on to photographic film
which can be viewed later by special
microfilm readers.

 Applications of COM
 Libraries for book catalogues.
 Local authorities to retain town plans, maps,
statistics etc.
 Companies to store personal and customers
records. 137
Types of microform
 Microfilm - the output
is usually on a roll of
film.

 Microfiche – the
output is on a page of
film on which data
images are arranged
in a grid of patterns.
138
Advantages and disadvantages of COM
Advantages
 Saves on stationery and space.
 Faster than printing.
 Non-bulky hence portable.
 Contents on COM are not easily read using naked
eyes hence guaranteed security.
 Have got larger life span compared to paper output.

Disadvantages
 Are expensive.
 Cause eye-strain.
 Additional equipments needed to read to contents.
139
Review questions 1-1
1. What is a computer system?
2. Differentiate between a computer and a
computer system.
3. A scanner used at points of sale terminals in
supermarkets is an example of a ( )
scanner.
4. The automated input technique where keying
of input data is eliminated is sometimes
referred to as ( ).
5. The type of scanner used to grade multiple
choice examination is called ( ). 140
Review questions 1-2
6. Name three factors one would consider when selecting
data entry method, and give a reason why each is
important.
7. Describe three different optical and two magnetic
scanning techniques used for input; give an example of
the use of each.
8. Explain how banks use MICR scanners for cheque
processing.
9. Describe two situations in which speech recognition
devices may be useful as a method of data entry.
10. Optical scanning of the universal product code is now
widely used as input method. Give an example of a
place where it is used and explain how it is used.
141
 Answer of review questions 1
1. A computer system refers to hardware, software and liveware that work
together to process and manage information.
2. A computer is made up both hardware and software while a computer
system integrates hardware, software and user.
3. Barcode reader.
4. Data capture.
5. Optical mark reader (OMR).
6. The user’s needs, Type of data to be input, Volume of data entry, Cost,
availability, etc.
7. Optical – OMR, OBR and OCR.
Magnetic – MICR and Magnetic strip.
8. Special magnetic characters are written on cheques that can only be
detected by MICR reader.
9. For people with special needs (disabilities), In language translator
programs, Voice tags for voice dialling.
10. Supermarket and superstores. To capture price of goods from bar codes.
142
 Review questions 2
1. Differentiate between soft copy and hard copy.
2. What is the difference between a CRT monitor and a flat-panel
display.
3. Give three examples of flat-panel monitors available in the
market today.
4. Name four criteria used when selecting a printer.
5. Distinguish between impact and non-impact printers and give
two examples of each.
6. State one advantage and one disadvantage of laser and inkjet
printers respectively.
7. Give two advantages of sound output devices.
8. Karuri Road Construction Company (KRCC), intends to buy an
output device they can use to produce road maps. Which
device would one advice the company to buy and why? 143
Answer of review questions 2-1
1. Hardcopy is intangible information, e.g. printout on paper
like letters, while softcopy is intangible information, e.g.
screen display or music.
2. CRT monitor uses a cathode ray tube while a flat panel
does not. CRT has protruding back while flat panel does
not.
3. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), Thin Film transistor (TFT),
Gas plasma display and Electro luminescent (EL).
4. Cost, print quality, availability, speed, purpose and print
technology.
5. Impact printer – print by striking mechanism and are
noisy, e.g. dot matrix and daisy wheel.
Non-impact printer – print by either laser, ink or thermal
transfer mechanism, e.g. laser jet, inkjet and thermal
printers. 144
Answer of review questions 2-2
6. Advantage of:
Laser printers – cheap running cost, good print quality.
Inkjet printers – cheap to purchase, cheaper multiple
colours printing, high quality print.
Disadvantage of:
Leaser printers – expensive to purchase, expensive
multi-colour printing.
Inkjet printers – expensive to buy cartridges (run),
water based print easily fades.
7. Enable reception of output even when a few meters
away from computer, Makes computing interesting and
entertaining, Suitable for the blind and people with
poor sight.
8. A plotter – it draws lines and big charts. 145
Central Processing
Unit (CPU)

146
Introduction
 The Central Processing Unit (Processor)
is that part of the computer that decodes
and executes instructions.

147
Functional units of CPU
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) –
in this unit of CPU all the
arithmetic and logical
operational are carried out.
 Control unit – this unit
coordinates all processing
activities in the CPU as well
as input, storage and output
operations.
 Main memory (primary
storage) – this unit provides
storage location for data and
instructions accessed by the
control unit. 148
 Computers in which the CPU is implemented
using microprocessors are referred to as
microcomputers.
 The CPU is the brain of the computer and its
sometimes referred to us processor
 Processors are either described as CISC or
RISC
 CISC processors i.e Complex Instruction Set
Computer are specifically for microcumputers
 RISC i.e Reduced Instruction Set Computer are
used on most minicomputers

149
Differences between CISC and
RISC
RISC CISC
 By design they are faster  They are slower in terms
in that the time required of executing an
to execute an operation is instruction
much shorter compared
to the time a CISC would
take.

150
Functions of ALU, Control unit and main memory
 ALU
 Does all the mathematical computations in a
computer. Does all of the logic comparisons of values.
 It consists of two sections:
Arithmetic section: which is the calculating device of the
computer
Logic section: which is the decision making of the
computer
 Control unit
 It is the center of operations for the computer system,
 It directs the activities of the computer system
 It controls, supervises and oversees all the activities
of the computer
 It monitors the execution of programs
151
Functional organisation of CPU
 The arithmetic logic unit,
control unit and main
memory are linked
through electrical
pathways called buses.
 A bus is an electrical
pathway through which
bits of data are
transmitted between the
varoius CPU
components.
152
During normal operation, the
microprocessor fetches and executes
instructions in three phases:
The fetch phase:
The address of the memory location or
device to be acted upon is obtained
through the address bus by the CU
Decoding phase: the instructions are
translated to determine the kind of
operation required

153
The execution phase: the control unit
gives signals depending on the decoded
instructions. These signals dictate the
required execution e.g data printing, saving
addition etc.

154
 Fetch:
seeking for data,
instructions and
instruction codes

Execute: Decode:
obeying the interpreting the
instructions instructions by the
CU

155
How the ALU works
 The data or instructions are conveyed
through an input device. They are then
stored in specific main memory areas from
where they are accessed.
 From the main memory the ALU
addresses data and instructions under the
influence of the commands coming from
the CU. The ALU then stores them in the
working areas in the ALU’s registers
known as the accumulators
156
 The CU interprets the data and
instructions and issues signals for them to
be stored temporary. They are then
communicated to the user through an
output device such as screen or the
printer. Sometimes they are stored on
backup storage devices for future use.

157
Buses are implemented as actual
communication lines
Types of computer buses
1. The address bus: this is a one way (unidirectional bus)
that carries the address of the register containing the
next piece of instruction to be acted upon.
2. The data bus: this is a two way (bi-directional bus) that
carries data signals to and from the microprocessor
3. The control bus: this is a one-way (unidirectional bus)
that carries command signals used for managing the
activities of the cpu

158
Registers : they are fast memories within the
microprocessor.
They are used as a temporary holding area
that enable the ALU to manipulate data and
instructions at a high speed. They are also
used by the CU during the fetch phase.

159
Types of registers
 Accumulators – used for holding the results of
an operation that has just been processed by
the ALU
 Instruction registers – used for holding the
instructions that are just about to be processed
 Address registers – they are connected to the
data bus. They are used for holding address for
the next piece of instruction
 Storage registers – it holds the processed data
that are awaiting output 160
Computer memory
Is divided into
 primary memory
Secondary memory

primary memory
Also referred to as the main
memory/core/immediate memory
Secondary memory: memory that offers
permanent storage also called backing
storage 161
features of main memory
 Its operations are fast and reliable
 Data must be transferred to the main
memory before and after processing
 It has limited storage capacity
 Data are directly accessed from the main
memory

162
Classification of main memory
 RAM( random access memory)

 ROM(read only memory)

163
Types of memory (RAM)
 Random Access Memory
(RAM) – it’s called Random
Access Memory (RAM)
because its content can be
read directly regardless of
the sequence in which it
was stored.
Characteristics
 Data can be read and
written in it.
 Its volatile
 Constitutes 70% of the
main memory
 It’s contents is user
defined.
164
Functions of RAM
 Stores data and instructions that are
awaiting processing
 Stores instructions that are being
processed or being executed by the
computer system
 Stores the immediate results of the
processing

165
Types of memory (ROM)
 Read Only Memory (ROM) –
this memory is used to store
programmed instructions and
data permanently or semi
permanently. Data and
instructions stored in ROM
are those required to remain
unchanged for a long time.
Characteristics
 Can only be read but cannot
write on it.
 It’s non-volatile
 Stores permanent instructions
from manufacturer.
 Constitutes 30% of main
memory 166
Types of ROM
 Mask Read Only Memory (MROM) – once contents
are written on it by the manufacturer, it cannot be
changed.
 Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) – this
allows the user to alter it only once after the content is
written on it.
 Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)
– the contents stored in this memory can be erased by
exposing them to ultra violet light and then
reprogrammed for another use.
 Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory (EAPROM) – this memory can be erased and
reprogrammed using electricity.
167
Functions of ROM
 Stores data and instructions that are
necessary for the normal functioning of the
computer system hardware such as the
bios set up
BIOS( basic input/output system)
 Stores programs that the user should not
interfere with e.g system files

168
Types of RAM
 Static RAM (SRAM) – it’s a very fast
memory and holds its content as long as
there is power.

 Dynamic RAM (DRAM) – it holds its

contents for a short while even when the
power is on. To maintain its content it must
be refreshed severally per second.
169
Assignment
 With aid of a diagram explain the
classification of the main memory

170
Special purpose memories
 Buffer – it’s a special purpose memory used
during input/output or processing to temporarily
hold data or instructions between
communicating elements.
 Cache memory – it’s a very high speed type of
SRAM whose purpose is to allow the processor
to access data instructions more faster.
 Register – they are temporarily storage locations
within CPU that holds one piece of data at a
time.
171
Types of processors and their clock speed

172
Review questions 1
1. Define the term central processing unit?
2. Describe three functions performed by the CPU.
3. What is a microcomputer?
4. Explain the functions performed by:
A) The control unit;
B) The arithmetic and logic unit;
C) The main memory;
5. Define the terms: volatile memory and non-volatile
memory.
6. Define and explain the difference between Ram and
ROM.
7. How many characters (bytes) of data are held in each of
the following memories? 4KB, 640KB, 16MB and 20GB?
173
Answer of review questions 1
1. Central Processing Unit.
2. Processing data, System control, Provide temporary storage (RAM)
and permanent storage (ROM).
3. It is a tiny processor, mainly a combination of he ALU and control
unit on a single silicon chip.
4. A). Interpreting instruction, Issuing control instructions the O/S.
B). Performing arithmetic calculation, Performing logical operations.
C). Holding data just before and after processing, Holding
instructions just before execution.
5. Volatile memory is temporary while non volatile is permanent.
6. RAM – temporary and rewritable memory
ROM – permanent and read only memory.
7. 4KB – approximately 4000 characters.
640KB – approximately 640,000 characters.
16MB – approximately 16 million characters.
20GB – approximately 20 billion characters. 174
Review questions 2
1. Name three special purpose memories found
either inside or outside the microproce3ssor,
and explain what each does.
2. In reference to arithmetic and logic unit,
explain the meaning of logic operations and
give an example of this processing operation.
3. What is the meaning of BIOS, and what role
does it play in a computer?
4. Explain the purpose of the system clock.
5. What is the meaning of BIOS, and what role
does it play in a computer?
6. List three buses found in the CPU. 175
Answer of review questions 2
1. Cache memory – speeds up processing (fetch cycle).
Buffer – acts as interface between very fast
proce3ssor and slow I/O devices.
Register – temporarily holds data/instructions just
before and after processing.
2. Comparisons include: =,<,>,and <>.
3. The CPU of a microcomputer is smaller and less
powerful than that of mainframe.
4. Determines the processing speed of the CPU.
5. Basic Input Output System – holds hardware setup
and configuration information.
6. Data bus, address bus and control bus.
176
Practical activity 1
 With the help of the teacher, find out the
following:
1. The type of processor in one of the
computers in your computer laboratory.
2. The clock speeds of all the computers in the
computer laboratory.
3. What is the size of RAM in MB of the
computer you are currently using?

177
 Chapter 4
Secondary storage
devices

178
Introduction
 These are storage devices that
compliment the primary memory. They are
used to store information for longer period.

179
Characteristics of secondary storage
 Non-volatile storage – data stored in this
media is permanent unless erased by user

 Mass storage – stores large volume of data

 Reusability – stored data can be erased

and the media reused to store fresh data
and programs
180
Classification of secondary storage
 Removable storage devices – these
devices are not housed inside the system
unit hence can be used in another
computer e.g. floppy, flash disk, CD.

 Fixed storage devices – these devices are

housed inside the computer system unit
e.g. hard disk.
181
Removable storage devices
 Magnetic disks  Optical disk – these
 Floppy disks disks use laser beam
 Zip disk to record data on
them. The laser ray
 Jaz disk
burns tiny holes into a
shiny surface to
 Magnetic tapes record data.

182
Floppy disk
 They are made of
small flexible round
disk coated with iron
oxide. They are used
to store information
for later use in the
same or different
computer, and can be
used to move
information from one
computer to another.
183
Zip disk
 Zip disk – they
resemble floppy disk
but have high storage
capacity. They are
slightly larger and
thicker in size. Can
hold at least 250MB.
Mostly they come with
a separate portable
external zip disk.
184
Jaz disk
 Jaz disk – they are
small portable of
about 1GB – 2GB.
They are used for
storing data that
require larger
capacity. They have
an external jaz drive.

185
Advantages and disadvantages of floppy disk

Advantages Disadvantages
 Floppies are
 They are very cheap. vulnerable i.e. short
life.
 Time consuming if
 Small, lightweight and
access is needed to
convenient.
many files over a
short period.
 Exchangeable.  Easily damaged.
 Storage area is
limited. 186
Magnetic tapes
 This is ribbon of Mylar
(plastic – like) material
coated with a thin layer of
iron oxide. Magnetic tape
resembles the music
cassette. Tape is stored in
blocks separated by inter –
block gaps left for stopping
purposes. Tapes are
sequentially accessed. This
implies that if information is
at the end of the tape, the
computer will have to read
almost the entire tape which
is time consuming.
187
Advantages and disadvantages of magnetic tapes

Advantages Disadvantages

 They are portable.  Very slow in

 Cheap. accessing of data.
 Can be erased and  Easily damaged i.e.
re-used. dust, heat, touching
 Holds a lot of data in etc.
a compact space.  The inter-block space
is wastage of storage
area.
188
Examples of optical storage disks
 LS-120 super disk – this is a diskette that resembles the floppy disk
but uses optical technology instead of magnetic technology to read
data. It has greater storage capacity and greater speed of data
access than floppy disk.
 Digital Versatile Disks (DVD’s) – also known as digital video disk.
They resemble compact disk but have higher storage capacity of up
to 17GB. They are suitable for recording motion pictures e.g. video
because they offer better sound and picture quality than CDs.
 Compact disk (CD) – they hold larger quantities of data and
information. It holds as much as 700MB. Mostly used to store data
and information that require a lot of space e.g. video clips, software
etc.
 Optical card – it resembles the magnetic ink character reader card but
uses an optical recordable stripe that stored using optical technology.
 Photo CD – this CD is used to process photographic film or negatives
to produce and store high quality photographs on a CD-R.
189
Forms of compact disks
 CD-ROM (Compact Disk-Read Only Memory) – in this
type of compact disks, when data is recorded on them,
one can neither change them, nor add anything on.
 CD-R (Compact Disk-Recordable) – they are initially
blank, the user can record data on it. However once
the data has been written on it, one can only read but
no changing it or adding anything
 CD-RW (Compact Disk Rewriteable) – with CD-RW
the user can record, erase and rewrite new
information.
 WORM (Write Once Read Many Times) – these are
discs that allow the user to record data on them once
but read them many times e.g. CD-ROMs and CD-Rs. 190
Advantages and disadvantages of CD-ROM

Advantages Disadvantages

 It’s smaller, more  Not possible to

portable and has change data written
lager storage on a CD-ROM.
compared to  Are expensive than
diskettes. diskettes.
 Can’t erase the data
 More secure as it stored.
cannot be changed or
attacked by viruses. 191
Advantages and disadvantages of optical storage

Advantages Disadvantages
 Have massive capacity.  Expensive.
 Stores data permanently.  Costly hardware and
 Accessing of data is fast. software for reading.
 Secured i.e. it’s hard to  Break easily (it’s
copy. fragile).
 High quality pictures and  Very sensitive to
sound. things like dust, water,
 Portable. heat, scratches which
easily damage them.
192
Flash disk
 This is the most
current storage
device in the market.
It has a massive
storage area, more
reliable and portable.
It’s small in size and
can store over 600MB
of information.

193
Example of fixed storage devices
 Hard disk (Winchester) –
they are made from
metal and are coated
with a thin film of
magnetic oxide. The
hard disk unit is made of
shiny, rigid magnetic
disks or platters that are
arranged vertically on a
common axis. They can
hold thousand of
programs and files. 194
Advantages and disadvantages of hard disk

Advantages Disadvantages
 They can suffer a head
 It’s cheap. crash resulting to loss
 Very reliable. of data.
 They are sensitive to
 Does not deteriorate
as quickly as floppy. things like dust,
humidity, magnets
 More storage
capacity. which can corrupt the
data stored.
 Accessing of data is  They are inflexible i.e.
faster.
cannot be changed. 195
 Review questions 1
1. Distinguish between primary and secondary storage
devices.
2. Distinguish between removable and fixed storage.
3. Compare three types of removable disks i.e. floppy,
zip, and jaz disks in relation to size.
4. What is a hard disk? How does it differ from the floppy
disk?
5. What are the advantage3s of the hard disk over the
floppy disk?
6. Give four examples of optical disks and how they differ
from each other in terms of storage capacity and
mechanism. 196
 Answer of review questions 1
1. Primary storage is accessed directly by CPU while secondary is
not.
2. Removable are portable while fixed are mounted inside the
system unit.
3. Floppy – physically small in size and capacity. Jaz&Zip are
slightly large in size and have large storage capacity.
4. It is hard magnetic platter used to store data and is encased in
a metallic housing (casing). It differs from a floppy because it is
metallic, shinny and non flexible.
5. It is large in storage capacity, More reliable, Faster access to
data and information.
6. CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, LS-120, Super disk, DVD, optical
card, optical tape. 197
Review questions 2
1. What are the advantages of a digital versatile disk over
a typical compact disk.
2. Define the term multimedia and list down the
components required to make a computer multimedia.
3. Why are CD-ROMs and CD-Rs referred to as WORM?
4. Describe the difference between magnetic and optical
storage media.
5. Jets publishers is a company that specializes in
production of newspapers. One of the editors wanted
to transfer a 50MB document from the hard disk of one
computer to another using a removable storage media.
Give four examples of the devices he/she could use.
6. Describe three precautions you would take to avoid
damaging the hard disk.
198
 Answer of review questions 2
1. DVD has larger storage capacity than CD, Offers better data
storage quality.
2. Multimedia is an integration of sound, video and text
processing and output.
Components – optical drive, speakers, sound adapter, VGA
monitor.
3. Write Once Read Many (WORM) – recorded once but can be
accessed many times without changing content.
4. Magnetic – data recorded using magnetism.
optical – data recorded using a beam of light (laser).
5. Jaz, Zip, Flash disk, CD-R, CD-RW.
6. Do not drop the disk drive, Do not expose it to strong heat,
Do not expose it to dust/smoke particles, Do not
unprocedurally switch off the computer. 199
Practical activity 1
 Using a floppy disk provided by the
teacher:
1. Draw and label all the parts of a diskette.
2. Remove the protective plastic casing to
expose the disk platter.
a. How flexible is the platter?
b. What is the texture and colour of the surface? Is
it possible to see the tracks and sectors?
c. Assuming the tracks and sectors are visible,
draw a diagram to illustrate how they would look
like.
200
 Chapter 6
Computer software

201
Introduction
 Software are programs or set of
instructions that enables a computer
system to operate.

202
Classification of software 1
 According to purpose.

System software – it enables the user

communicate with the computer and its
various devices e.g. keyboard.

Application software – application

software are designed to help the user
accomplish specific tasks.
203
Classification of software 2
 According to method of acquisition.
 In-house developed program (Bespoke) –
these programs are designed to serve a
particular purpose for specific groups or
people e.g. in banks for managing their
operations, airlines for booking etc.
 Standard software (off the shelf packages) –
these programs are developed by software
engineers, packaged and made available for
purchase through a vendor or directly from
developer e.g. Microsoft office.
204
Program under system software
 Firmware – it’s a combination of both
hardware and software. It’s in form of a
chip which may be used to store
programs.

 Network software – it’s used to establish

communication between two or more
computers by linking them using a
communication channel e.g. cables to
create network, novel, Linux etc.
205
Program under system software
 Operating system – it’s a set of programs
that control and supervise the hardware
resources of a computer during
processing. Examples of operating system
include Windows 95/98/2000/XP, Linux
Macintosh, MS-DOS etc.
 Utility software – they are programs that
perform commonly used services that
make certain aspects of computing to go
on more smoothly. 206
Types of utility software
 System level  Calculator
 Application utility  Time
 Program translator  Backup utility
 Setting editor  Anti virus utility
 Text editor  Diagnostic utility
 Sort editor  Calendar utility
 Etc.

207
Examples of application software
 Word processor – for typing documents e.g.
MS-Word.
 Database – for keeping records and files e.g.
MS-Excel.
 Spreadsheet – for calculations e.g. MS-
Access.
 Desk top publishing – designing publications
e.g. cards (Adobe PageMaker).
 Computer Aided Design – for technical
drawing e.g. AutoCAD.
 Graphics software – for designing and
manipulating graphics e.g. Photoshop 208
Advantages of standard software over in house software

 They can easily be installed and run

 Thoroughly test hence few errors
 Readily available
 Easily modified to meet specific user
needs
 Less expensive

209
Disadvantages of standard software over in-house software

 May not meet special needs.

 They are not as efficient as user made
programs.
 When changes occur extra costs is usually
needed from user.
 Not all packages are compatible with all
computer system.

210
Criteria for selecting computer system (Specification)

 Hardware considerations
 Processor speed
 Computer memory capacity
 Upgrading and compatibility
 User needs
 Cost
 Portability
 Warranty

211
Criteria for selecting computer system (Specification)

 Software considerations
 User needs
 Documentation
 Authencity
 User friendliness
 Cost
 Portability

212
TOPIC 3: Operating System
(OS)
 Operating system is a
set of programs that
control and supervise the
hardware resources of a
computer and provide
services to other system
software.
Examples of operating system
 MicrosoftWindows95/98/2000/XP/Vista,
 Unix,
 Linux,
 MS-DOS,
 novel etc. 213
Functions of operating system (OS) 1
1. Resource control –
the OS allocates
computer resources
such as CPU time,
main memory,
secondary storage
and input/output for
use by application
program.

214
Functions of operating system (OS) 2

2. Job scheduling – the OS prepares,

schedules, controls and monitors tasks
submitted for execution to ensure the
most efficient processing.

3. Memory management – the OS ensures

that each program and the data it
requires are allocated adequate space in
memory. 215
Functions of operating system (OS) 3

4. Error handling – OS provides the error

correction routines to ensure smooth
operations within CPU.
5. Interrupt handling – OS determines the
cause of the interrupt and transfer the
control to the most appropriate programs.
6. Input/output handling – the OS governs
input/output of data and their location,
storage and retrieval. 216
Functions of operating system (OS) 4
7. Communication control and management – the
operating system is responsible for managing
various communication devices and provide an
environment within which communication
protocol operate. The term protocol refers to
the rules that governs system come with
network management utilities that provide
external communication by connecting to a
communication systems using interface cable
or through wireless interface.
217
Types of operating system
 Operating system can be classified
according to;

 Number of users

 Number of tasks

 Interface

218
1. Number of users
a) Single user-operating system – this OS
allows only one user at a time to access a
computer e.g. MS-DOS, MS-Windows
95/98/2000.
b) Multi-user operating system – this OS
allows two or more users to access a
computer at the same time e.g. Windows
2000 server, Novel, Unix, Windows NT
etc.
219
2. Number of tasks
a) Single tasking operating system – this OS
allows only one program to be executed at
a time e.g. MS-DOS.

b) Multi-tasking operating system

(multithreading) – this OS allows a single
CPU to execute more than one program at
a time e.g. Windows Vista, XP etc.
220
3. Interface
a) Command line – the
user interacts with a
computer by typing a
command at the
prompt found on a
command line e.g.
MS-DOS.

221
b) Menu driven interface
– this interface allows
the user to select
commands/options
from a list or menu
using keyboard or
pointing device such
as mouse. E.g. MS-
DOS version called
DOS editor).
222
c) Graphical User
Interface (GUI) – this
interface represents
commands as small
pictures on the screen
called icons e.g.
Microsoft Windows
95/98/2000/XP/Vista,
Linux etc

223
 Factors to consider when
choosing an O.S.
 Hardware configuration
 Basic design of the computer
 Applications intended for the computer
 User friendliness
 Cost
 Availability in market

224
How Windows organize information
 The OS organize information in terms of
files, folders and drives.
 File – it’s a collection of related data or
information stored in one location.
 Folder/directory – it’s a named storage are
where the user can store related files to
enable easy access.
 Storage media – when creating a folder or
saving a file identify a storage location which
is more reliable e.g. floppy disk, compact disk,
hard disk etc. 225
Information organisation tree
C:\>

File 2

Folder 1 Folder 2 Folder 3

Subfolder 1 Subfolder 2 File 1

File 3 Subfolder 3 Subfolder 4

226
Types of files 1
 System files – these
files contain
information that is
critical for the
operation of the
computer.

 Application files –
these files hold
programs or
application files.
227
Function of files
 Storage of data.

 Organisation of information.

228
Folder/directory
Def: It’s a named storage area where the
user can store related files to enable easy
access.

229
Storage media
 When creating a folder or saving a file
identify a storage location which is more
reliable e.g. floppy disk, compact disk,
hard disk etc.

230
Types of files 2
Extension File type Description
.doc Data A Microsoft Word document file.
.txt Data A plain text created using note pad or DOS
editor.
.tif Data A graphic file created using applications
such as adobe photoshop.
.exe Application file The file that launches a particular
application, e.g. Windows.exe, PM701.exe,
etc
.bat System files File containing a series of commands
loaded during boot up.
.sys System files System files that perform fundamental
operations in a computer.
231
Drives
Storage location Drive Remarks

Floppy drive A and B If a computer has two floppy drives, one

will be assigned letter A the other B.
Hard disk C,D,E,F If a computer has 4 hard drives, they will
be assigned letters C-F.
Optical drives D,E,F,G If a computer has one hard disk and three
or more CD/DVD drives, they will take up
any number between D and Z.
Other removable D,E,…Z If a computer does not have and optical drive,
any removable drive attached to the computer
can take any letter between D and Z.
Network drive Logical Network drives takes D-Z depending on the
number of physical drives installed or attached.
232
Windows desktop feature
 Once you turn on the
computer, Windows is
loaded into the main
memory and finally the
desktop showing that
the computer is ready
for use appears. The
three main features of
the desktop are the
background, icons and
the taskbar. 233
Taskbar

 The taskbar enables the user to easily switch between

different programs and tasks that are currently
running. Whenever the user starts a program or opens
a file, its button appears on the taskbar and stays
there until the user exits the program.
234
Managing files/folders (Renaming)
 Refers to changing files
from their original name
to some other new
names.

1. Using My Computer icon,

display the Explorer
window.
2. On the folder tree on the
left pane, select the file
or folder to be renamed.
3. On the “File” menu.
4. Click the “Rename”.
5. Type the new name.
6. Press the “Enter” key. 235
Managing files/folders (Sorting)
 Refers to organising
files and folders in a
particular way.

1. Open a folder or
storage location.
2. On the “View” menu.
3. Point to “Arrange Icon
By”.
4. Select one form list.
“Name” ,”Size”, “Type”
or “Modified”. 236
Managing files/folders (Copying)
 Enables the computer user
to duplicate files and folders
to another location.

1. Using My Computer icon,

display the Explorer window.
2. Select the file or folder to be
copied.
3. On the “Edit” menu.
4. Click the “Copy”.
5. Select the drive or folder
where you want the item to
be copied.
6. On the “Edit” menu.
7. Click the “Paste”. 237
Managing files/folders (Moving)
 Refers to removing the
files and folders
completely from the
storage location.

1. Using My Computer icon,

display the Explorer
window.
2. On the “Edit” menu.
3. Click the “Cut”
4. Select the drive or folder
where you want the item
moved.
5. On the “Edit” menu.
6. Click the “Paste” 238
Managing files/folders (Searching)
 Refers to looking for
a certain file or
folder.

1. Click the “Start” button.

2. Point to “Search” (Search
dialog box is displayed).
3. Click the “For Files or
Folders”.
4. Type all or part of the file
name in the search box.
5. Select location of the file
from arrow down list.
6. Click the “Search” button. 239
Windows explorer
 Windows explorer lets the
user display the drives and
folders in a hierarchy or tree
structure. The computer tree
is an upside down structure
with the highest level in this
case the desktop being the
root. The explorer divides
the window into two panes.
The left pane displays a tree
of drives and folders while
the right pane displays a list
of files and subfolders
contained in a particular
open drive or folder.
240
Using My Computer
 Double clicking on
MY Computer icon,
gives you a graphical
view of what is inside
the computer. This
includes the drives,
the control panels and
other resources.

241
Creating a new folder
 There will be times when the
user would want to create new
folders. Say, for instance,
when working on a detailed
project that has multiple files. It
is advisable that all related
files be kept together in one
folder.

1. Open the “My Computer” and

display the Explorer window.
2. On the folder tree on the left
pane, select the location in
which you want to create a new
folder.
3. On the “File” menu.
4. Point to “New”.
5. Click the “Folder”. (New folder is
displayed)
6. Type a new name for the folder.242
The application window
 To enter data in a new file created, one
has to open it in its application programs.
This is done by double clicking the file
icon. A rectangular area called an
application window appears on the screen.

243
Parts of a window (Title bar)
 This is a bar across
the top of the window
that displays the
name of the current
application programs.

244
Parts of a window (Menu bar)
 Provides a list of
commands than can
be used to manipulate
a task.

245
Parts of a window (Tool bar)
 They are buttons
arranged in a row that
are shortcuts to menu
commands.

246
Parts of a window (Work area)
 This is the area where
you can create your
document.

247
Parts of a window (Status bar)
 This displays
information about the
program currently
running.

248
Parts of a window
(Insertion point/Text cursor)
 Marks the place
where text and
graphics will appear
when typing drawing
is started.

249
Disk management using operating system
(Formatting disk)
 The process of preparing a new
disk for use by creating sectors
and tracks on the surface of disk.

1. Insert the media disk into the

floppy or USB port.
2. Open the “My Computer”
3. Right click on the drive icon.
(Shortcut menu is displayed)
4. Click the “Format”. (Format dialog
box is displayed)
5. Select the Format system from the
arrow down list. “FAT”, “FAT32” or
“NTFS”.
6. Click the “Start” button.
7. After format has finished, click the
“Close” button. 250
Disk management using operating system
(Disk defragmentation)
 Refers to arranging of scattered
folders and files on a storage
media for easy access of files and
folders.

1. Open the “My Computer”

2. Right click on the drive icon.
(Shortcut menu is displayed)
3. Click the “Properties”. (Properties
dialog box is displayed)
4. Select the “Tool” tab.
5. Click the “Defragment Now”
button. (Disk Defragmenter dialog
box is displayed)
6. Select the drive to be defragment.
7. Click the “Defragment” button.
251
Disk management using operating system
(Disk compression)
 This tool help in consolidating
files and folders in smaller
storage areas hence creating
more space on the storage
device.

1. Open the “My Computer”

2. Right click on the drive you want
to compress. (shortcut menu is
displayed)
3. Click the “Properties”
(Properties dialog box is
displayed).
4. Select the “General” tab.
5. Click the check box of
“Compress drive to save disk
space”.
6. Click the “Apply” button. 252
Disk management using operating system
(File or folder compression)
1. Open the drive where the file or
folder is located.
2. Right click on the file or folder icon.
(shortcut menu is displayed)
3. Click the “Properties”.
4. Select the “General” tab.
5. Click the “Advanced” button.
6. Click the check box of “Compress
contents to save disk space”.
7. Click the “OK” button of “Advanced
Attributes” dialog box.
8. Click the “OK” button of “Properties”
dialog box. (Confirm Attribute
Changes dialog box is displayed)
9. Select zip the folder only or the
entire content.
10. Click the “OK” button. 253
Disk management using operating system
(Disk partitioning)
 The process of
dividing the physical
disk into two or more
partitions called
logical drives.

254
Disk management using operating system
(Back up data)
 The tool enables the user to
create copies of data and
programs on separate storage
areas to avoid losing of data and
programs incase the storage
device fails.

1. Open the “My Computer”.

2. Right click on the hard drive icon
(shortcut menu is displayed).
3. Click the “Properties” (Properties
dialog box is displayed).
4. Select the “Tool” tab.
5. Click the “Backup Now” button.
(Backup or Restore Wizard
dialog box is displayed).
6. Through the process step by
step. 255
Disk management using operating system
(Scanning storage device)
 The tool helps the user to
check up and repair minor
storage problems e.g. lost
storage or damaged surface.

1. Open the “My Computer”

2. Right click on the drive icon.
(Shortcut menu is displayed).
3. Click the “Properties”
(Properties dialog box is
displayed).
4. Select the “Tool” tab.
5. Click the “Check Now” button.
(Check disk dialog box is
displayed).
6. Select the “Check disk options”.
7. Click the “Start” button. 256
Disk management using operating system
(Scanning for virus)
 Refers to checking your
system for virus and
removing them e.g. using
Norton antivirus, MacAfee
software to scan.

1. Open the “My Computer”

2. Right click on the hard drive
icon. (shortcut menu is
displayed).
3. Click the “Scan with
<antivirus name>. (Anti virus
dialog box is displayed).
4. The scan process in
initialized.
257
Partitioning a disk using FAT32 file system

 Microsoft Windows
98/Me startup disk
has an FDISK utility
that lets the user
partition and format a
disk using FAT or
FAT32 file system.

NB; FAT means

File Allocation Table 258
Partitioning a disk during installation
 Partitioning a disk
using NTFS format in
Windows 2000, XP and
vista is done during the
installation process as
shown in left figure.

NB;NTFS means
New Technology File System.

259
Installing Windows XP
 Installing Windows XP is
quite different from that
of Windows Me because
it does not operate in
real DOS mode. The two
methods of installing XP
are upgrading from a
previous Windows
version is relatively
simple, we shall look at
clean installation, done
on a new computer that
comes without a n
operating system. 260
Trouble shooting windows related problems

 Trouble shooting refers to the process of

diagnosing and trying to fix hardware or
software related problems.

261
Some problems windows experience
 Failure to boot

 Computer hangs now and then

 Abnormal restarting

262
The problems may be as a result of
 There was a problem in the installation
process e.g. missing files.
 Insufficient system memory.
 Problem with hard disk boot sector may be
due to virus infection.
 Corrupted window registry system.
 Due to interrupt conflicts.

263
To troubleshoot you need to
 Study the trouble shooting guide

 Use the device manager to check the

devices causing problems.

 Reinstall the operating system if the

problems above persist.

264
Review questions 1
1. Differentiate between system software and
application software giving an example of each.
2. What is the importance of an operating
system?
3. Give five examples of application software and
their respective uses.
4. What are the advantages of standard software
over the in-house developed software?
5. What is the difference between single-purpose
programs and integrated software?
6. Why do computers need network software?
7. Give three examples of operating system. 265
Answer of review questions 1-1
1. System software performs fundamental operations like
initialising hardware during boot up while application
software meets user specific needs.
System software – operating system, firmware, utilities.
Application software – word processor, spreadsheets etc.
2. Supervises all the hardware and software operations of
the computer system.
3. Word processor – typing documents.
Spreadsheets – calculations.
Database management systems – record management.
Desktop publishing – creating publications.
Graphics software – creating and manipulating.
266
Answer of review questions 1-2
4. Standard software is thoroughly tested hence
few errors, Readily available, Easily portable.
5. Single purpose software is developed for only
one purpose while integrated software is a suit
of more than one programs and can be used to
carry out a variety of tasks.
6. To enable communication between computers
over a channel (media).
7. UNIX, Windows, DOS, LINUX, Macintosh
Operating system.
267
Review questions 2
1. Highlight hardware and software factors that
you would consider when purchasing a
computer.
2. Why is it important to carefully study a warranty
before singing it?
3. Why do you have to window shop before buy a
computer or computer accessories?
4. Using newspaper cuttings such as the one
shown below, prepare a requisition form for ten
up to date multimedia computers to be used in
the computer room.
268
Answer of review questions 2
1. Hardware 2. In order to negotiate
1. Cost
on sensitive items like
2. Compatibility
3. Upgradability
duration, after sales
4. Warranty
service etc.
5. Memory capacity
6. Portability
3. Yes, in order to
7. User needs
8. Processor type and speed
compare quality and
Software
prices.
1. Authenticity
2. Documentation
3. User friendliness
4. Cost
5. Compatibility
269
6. portability
 Review questions 3
1. Give examples of two multi-user and one single user operating
system.
2. Describe four functions of the operating system.
3. What is an interrupt?
4. Name and explain three types of human computer interfaces.
5. What are the advantages of GUI based operating system over
the command-line?
6. Differentiate between Multitasking and multi-user operating
systems.
7. What is a deadlock in reference to the operating system?
8. Outline the factors you would consider if you were to by an
operating system.
270
Answer of review questions 3-1
1. Multi user OS – UNIX, WindowsNT/200, Novell, Linux.
Single user – MS-Dos, PC-DOS.
2. A). Resource control and allocation.
B). Job scheduling/processing scheduling.
C). Input/output handling.
D). Memory management.
E). Interrupt handling.
F). Error handling.
G). Job sequencing.
3. A). Command line –user types commands.
B). Menu driven – user selects and option.
C). Graphical user interface – use selects commands in form of
icons with a pointing device.
4. A). User friendliness.
B). Easy to learn.
271
Answer of review questions 3-2
6. Multitasking – can run more than one program
simultaneously while multi user OS allows more than
one user to make use of the CPU concurrently.
7. It is a situation in an O/S when a particular task holds a
needed resource and refuses to release it for use by
other tasks.
8. A). User friendliness.
B). Cost.
C). Availability.
D). Portability.
E). Hardware configuration/compatibility.
F). User needs.
272
Review questions 4
1. Explain the following mouse concept:
A). Click B). Double click C). Drag and drop
2. Define the following terms:
A). Desktop B). Icon C). Sidekik menu D). Taskbar
3. List and explain the three parts of a task bar.
4. Why is it important to first shut down the computer before you turn it
off?
5. Explain how you would move the taskbar to the top of the desktop.
6. With the help of the teacher and a computer running Windows,
customise the taskbar such that:
A) The start menu is displayed in small icons;
B) The clock is not displayed;
C) The taskbar is hidden;
D) A program is added on or removed from the start menu.

273
Answer of review questions 4-1
1. A). Press and release left mouse button.
B). Press left and mouse button twice in rapid succession.
C). Move an item to another location using the mouse.
2. A). Is mostly an empty screen that appears when Windows starts
and has some standard icons that show that the computer is
ready for use.
B). Is a graphical representation of a command, file, folder or
storage location.
C). A submenu that appears either on the right or left of a main
menu.
D). A long strip/icon that runs across the desktop and displays
active tasks.
3. A). Start button – provides access to start menu.
B). Task manager – displays buttons of currently running tasks.
C). System tray – displays icons of applications that automatically
start and run in the background.
274
Answer of review questions 4-2
4. A). To avoid damaging storage devices that may still
be in use.
B). To avoid damaging system and application files.
C). To avoid loss of data and information.
5. Right click task bar then select properties. In the
taskbar properties dialog, check the appropriate
options then click Apply button then OK.
6. a). Right click on an empty part on the task manager
then properties.
b). Use the Task Manager properties.

275
Review questions 5-1
1. Define the following terms:
A). File B). Folder C). Subfolder D). Folder tree
2. Distinguish between system files and application
files.
3. Describe two functions of a file.
4. In reference to Windows operating systems,
what does the term application window mean?
5. Explain each of the following commands as used
to manage files and folders:
A). Rename B). Sort files C). Copy
D). Move D). Delete
276
Review questions 5-2
6. Of the five commands in Question 5, which two must
be used with a lot of caution when manipulating files.
7. Why is it important to give descriptive names to a file
or folder.
8. Draw a directory tree showing how files and folders are
organised by an operating system.
9. Explain how you would:
A) Minimise and maximise a window;
B) Close and exit and application window;
C) Move a window from one location to another;
D) Access the folder/directory tree.
10. Briefly explain the importance of each part of a
window.
277
Answer of review questions 5-1
1. A). A label that represents a logical or physical storage
location.
B). The rectangular area on the screen covered by a
running program.
C). Interactive strip at the bottom of an application
window that acts as a communication link between the
user and the application program.
D). Is a row of buttons/icons that represent shortcut
commands.
E). Is the hierarchical arrangement of folders and
storage locations from the root downwards.
2. System files store data/system information while
application files hold programs data.
3. Organise data/information records. 278
Answer of review questions 5-2
4. It is a rectangular area that is opened in the application
program when one wants to enter data in the new file.
5. A). Change name of file/folder.
B). Arranges files/folder in particular order.
C). Makes a duplicate of existing file/folder.
D). Removes file/folder from storage.
6. Rename – renaming an application or system file may
make the computer or program to fail.
Delete – may lead to loss of data and programs.
Move – moving a system folder or file may cause the
computer fail.
7. For easy location or identification. 279
Answer of review questions 5-3
9. A). minimize – click minimize button.
Maximize – click maximize button.
B). Click the close button or Exit
from “File” menu.
C). Point to title bar and drag.
D). Right click “My computer” icon
then select “Explore” command
10. Title bar – displays title.
Toolbars – display shortcut
commands.
Work area – allow user to enter
data.
Menu bar – provides a list of
commands.
Status bar – provides a
communication interface between
user and the application. 280
Review questions 6-1
1. Define the following terms as used in disk management:
A). Formatting a disk; B). Disk partitioning;
C). Disk compressing; D). Defragmentation;
2. Explain how you would format a used disk in Windows.
3. You have realised that your floppy disk is limited in
storage space and you would wish to create more
space.
A) Which tool in Windows would you use;
B) Write down the procedure of doing (a) above.
4. Explain how you would create backup using Windows
backup utility.

281
Review questions 6-2
5. When you switch on your computer, and
realise that it is not loading the operating
system. This means that you have to boot up
your computer using a startup disk.
A) What is a startup disk.
B) Using a new diskette, crate a Windows Startup disk
and label it “Windows-System Disk” (The dashes
represent the version of Windows you are using).
6. Why is hard disk partitioned?
7. Explain how you can partition a 30GB hard
disk into 2GB partitions.
282
 Answer of review questions 6
1. A). It is creation of tracks and sectors on a disk.
B). Creating volumes by subdividing a large physical disk.
C). Creating more space on a disk by squeezing files into a smaller.
D). Consolidating related files into one location on the disk.
2. Right click its icon on the screen then select format command.
3. A). Compression agent or DriveSpace.
B). The teacher to give appropriate answer depending on the version of
Windows.
4. Right click “My computer” icon then properties. Click tools tab then click
Backup now button.
5. A). A special disk that has bootup files.
B). Teacher to help pupil to create a startup disk.
6. A). To install more than one operating systems.
B). For the purpose of backup.
7. Boot in MS-DOS mode using a startup disk then at the prompt type FDISK
and follow the on-screen instructions. 283
Revision questions
1. Explain how windows organises information in reference to files and
folders.
2. Why must an operating system be installed in the computer before
installing any other software.
3. Differentiate between compressing and defragmenting a disk.
4. Give one advantage of partitioning a disk.
5. Explain why a new disk must be formatted before using it.
6. Identify the various resources that are controlled by the operating
system.
7. How would you identify the minimum system requirements for the
version of Windows running on the computer you are using.
8. Differentiate between scheduling and sequencing of tasks by the
operating system.
9. What is troubleshooting?

284
Answer of revision questions 1
1. It stores related data and information records into files
and related files into folders and sub folders on a drive.
2. Because it does the basic functions of enabling other
programs access the hardware resources.
3. Compressing squeezes files to create more space while
defragmenting consolidates files and folders in a
contiguous space or location on the disk.
4. When one partition fails, the other can still be used.
5. To create tracks and sectors that can be recognized by a
particular operating system.

285
Answer of revision questions 2
6. (a). The processor.
(b). Memory
(c). Input/output devices and ports.
(d). Communication devices and ports.
(e). Secondary storage devices.
7. Read the Manufacturers manual or Readme.txt file
form the Windows folder.
8. Scheduling determines which task will be processed
first, while sequencing arranges the tasks and keeps a
list of currently running tasks.
9. Diagnosing hardware and software related problems
and trying to resolve the problems.
286
Practical activity 1
1. With the help of the teacher the pupil should
identify the type(s) and versions of operating
system(s) installed on the computers.
2. Study the start menu and identify the menu
items that display other submenus when the
mouse pointer points at them.
3. Right click “My computer” icon and list down
the commands displayed on the shortcut menu.
4. Click the start button. Explain the importance of
each of start menu items displayed. 287
Practical activity 2
 Using the Explorer window:
1. Create three folders RICE, FRUITS and
VEGETABLES in the root of your floppy drive A:
2. In the FRUITS folder, create two subfolders,
ORANGE and MANGOES.
3. In fruits folder, create a WordPad file called SALES
with the following details:
 During this season, fruit sales have gone down sue to the
prevailing weather conditions. I hope the situation will
improve, otherwise people are going to experience health
problems since fruits are very important in providing body
protection.
288
Practical activity 3
1. With the help of the teacher, find out the
following from either the Microsoft manuals that
come with an original copy of the operating
system, or from a special file called Readme.txt
found in the Windows folder on the hard disk.
A) The minimum requirements for installing the
operating system you are using.
B) Install a copy of Windows on one of the computers
that has no operating systems in he computer room.
2. Give a detailed account of the installation
process.
289
END

290