OPERATORS

• Symbols that are used when an operation is performed on variables or constants.

• Types:
- Arithmetic
- Assignment
- Bitwise
- Comparison
- Logical
- Increment or Decrement
- String
- Array
- Conditional
- Null Coalescing
- Type
Arithmetic Operator:
• These operators are used in mathematical expressions
• Operators: +, - , * , / , % , **(Exponentiation)
Assignment Operators:
• Used to assign a value to a variable.
• 2 types:
- Basic Assignment Operator
- Combined Assignment Operator
Basic Assignment Operator
- Denoted by = symbol
- Used to assign a value to a variable.
- syntax: $variable=value;

- Use assignment operator for multiple assignments.

- syntax: $var1=$var2=$var3=value;
Combined Assignment Operator / Short hand assignment operators
• Combination of two operators
• First specifies operation to be performed and second is assignment
operator
• Operators: += , -= , *=, /+ , %= , **=
• Ex: $a=2;
$a+=4; (2+4=6 will be assigned to a)
Bitwise Operator:
• Operates on single bits of an operand.
• Mostly applied in integer type but cam also be applied to string type.
• Operators: & , | , ~ , ^ , << , >>
The Bitwise AND(&) Operator:
• Both operands are 1, the & operator produces 1 as result.
• If any one operand is 0, the & operator produces 0 as result.
• Syntax: $operand1 & $operand2;
• Ex: 00010111 (23)
00001111 (15)
-----------
00000111
------------ (7)
The Bitwise OR(|) Operator:
• If any one or both operands is 1, the | operator produces 1 as result.
• If both are 0, the result will be 0;
• Syntax: $operand1 | $operand2;
• Ex: 00010111 (23)
00001111 (15)
-----------
00011111 (31)
------------
COMPARISON OPERATORS
• Determines relationship between two values assigned to the variables
• Outcome: Boolean value (T / F)
• Spaceship Operator: Returns an integer value between -1 to 1.
The Equal(==) Operator
• Compares the equality between the values of two variables.
• Returns true is both variables are equal or same. Otherwise, returns false.
The Identical (===) Operator
• Compares the equality between the values of two variables including data
type
• Returns true if both value and data type of two variables are same.
Otherwise false.
The Not equal (!= and <>) Operators
• Opposite of equal operators
• Compares inequality between the values of two variables.
• Returns true if the value of two variables is not same. Otherwise false.
The Non-Identical (!==) Operator
• Compares the inequality between the values of two variables including data
type.
• Returns true if the value or the data type of the two variables is different.
Otherwise false.
The Spaceship < = > Operator
• Compares values of two variables but not their data types.
• Also compares two numbers or strings directly without assigning them to the
variable.
• Returns 0 if the values of the two variables are equal or same.
• Return 1 if the value on the left side of < = >operator is greater than on the right
side and will return -1 if the value on right side of < = > operator is greater than
on the left side.
LOGICAL OPERATORS
• Compare two or more relational expressions in a single statement
• Outcome : Boolean (T / F)
• Operators: and, or, xor, &&, ||, !
The Logical AND (and / &&)Operators
• Compares two or more comparison expressions
• Returns true if outcome of all the given expressions are true, otherwise it will
return false.
• Mostly used in control structures in which final outcome is based on outcome
of two or more than two conditions.
• Synatx:
comp_exp and comp_exp
comp_exp && comp_exp
• Ex:
$var1==$var2 && $var3==$var4
The Logical OR (or / ||)Operators
• Compares two or more comparison expressions
• Returns true if outcome of any one of given expressions is true, otherwise it
will return false.
• Mostly used in control flow statements in which final outcome is based on
outcome of two or more than two conditions.
• Syntax:
comp_exp or comp_exp
comp_exp || comp_exp
• Ex:
$var1==$var2 || $var3==$var4
The Logical XOR (xor)Operators
• Compares two or more comparison expressions
• Returns true if outcome of any one of given expressions is true.
• If the outcome of Mostly used in control flow statements in which final
outcome is based on outcome of two or more than two conditions.
• Syntax:
comp_exp xor comp_exp

• Ex:
$var1==$var2 xor $var3==$var4
The Logical NOT (!)Operators
• Checks whether a given comparison expression returns true or false.
• Returns true if outcome of given expressions is false. Other wise it
returns false.
• It inverts the outcome of comparison operator.
• Mostly used in control flow statements.
• Syntax:
!(comp_exp)

• Ex:
!($var1==$var2)
The Increment (++) or Decrement (--) Operators
• Increment (++) :Used to increase the value of its operand by 1
• Decrement (--): Used to decrease the value of its operand by 1
• 2 Notations
- Postfix
- Prefix
The Postfix Notation:
• Increment or decrement operator is used after the variable.
• Syntax:
• $var1++; (increment)
• $var1--; (decrement)
First the value in the variable is returned and then it will be increased or decreased by 1.
• Ex: $y=$x--;
or
$y=$x;
$x=$x-1;
The Prefix Notation
• Increment or decrement operator is used before the variable.
• Syntax:
++$var1; (increment)
--$var1; (decrement)
First the value in the variable is incremented or decremented by 1 and then it will be assigned
to the variable.
• Ex: $y=--$x;
or
$x=$x-1;
$y=$x;
The String Operators
• 2 operators are used only on string type data
• Operators & Operations
. Concatenation
.= Concatenation assignment
Concatenation Assignment Operator
• Joins two or more strings stored in different variables
• First concatenation is performed on two variables and then the resultant is
assigned back to first variable.
The Array Operators:
• Similar to comparison operators
• The functionality of these operators changes slightly while working with
arrays.
• Operators: +, ==, ===, !=, <>, !==

The union (+) operator

• Works as an union operator
• Joins two arrays and returns all the common and unique values in the arrays.
• The values that exists in both arrays are not repeated.
The Equality (==) operator
• Checks the equality between the values of two arrays
• Returns true if two arrays are same or else false.

The Identity (===) operator

• Checks the equality between the values of two arrays including their
order,index and data type
• Returns true if two order, index, data type of arrays are same or else false.
The Inequality (!= / <>) operator
• Checks the inequality between the values of two arrays.
• Returns true if values of two arrays are not same or else false.

The Non-Identity (!==) operator

• Checks the inequality between the values of two arrays including their
order,index and data type
• Returns true if two order, index, data type of arrays are different or else false
The conditional (?) operator
• Also known as ternary operator
• Works on three expressions.
• If first expression is true, returns the second.
• If first expression is false, returns third expression.
• It is a short syntax for if else statement.
• Syntax:
Condn_exp ? exp1 : exp2 ;
• Short hand syntax:
Condn_exp ? : exp2;
Null Coalescing (??) operator

• To overcome the drawback of conditional operator

• Checks if a value is assigned to a variable or not and also if the assigned

value is NULL or not.

• This operator performs inline comparison and will return first expression if a
value associated with the first expression does exist and is not NULL.

• Otherwise it returns second expression or string.

• Syntax:

exp1 ?? exp2;

If the exp1 is not NULL and has a value, it will return exp1. Otherwise, it will
return exp2.

• Syntax similar to conditional operator

exp1 ? exp1 : exp2;

• Nesting is also possible

exp1 ?? exp2 ?? exp3 ?? expn ;

Operator Precedence

• Determines the order of execution of operators

• An operator with a high precedence is used before an operator with a low

precedence.

• Ex:

$x = $a + $b * $c ;
Operator Associativity

When two or more operators have same precedence in an expression,

the order in which the operation is performed – Operator Associativity.

2 Types

- Left to Right

- Right to Left
Left to Right Associativity

• All operations are performed from left to right

• Ex: $x = $a + $b +$c;

a and b are first added and the result is then added to c.

Right to Left Associativity

• All operations are performed from right to left

• Ex: X + = Y ; / x = x + y;

Y value is added to x first.