Introduction to

Database Management
Systems

G. VANITHA, MCA., M.Phil,

NET
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPARTMENT OF
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
BISHOP HEBER COLLEG,
TRICHY-17
Introduction to Database
Management Systems
Introduction
Information
Data & Data Management
File-based data Management
Database Systems
Organizations of database
Characteristics of a data in a database.
Database Management Systems.
Functions of DBMS
Database Users
Introduction

To survive & achieve success,

organizations must exploit the
information-internal & external
better than their competitors.
Information is the most important
weapon that will help
organizations to penetrate the
market & beat the competition.
A database together with a
database Management System is
the backbone of an efficient
 Information
 Information is the backbone of any
organization.
 Information is nothing but refined data.
 Information is data a meaningful &
useful context, communicated to a
recipient.
 3 key attributes of information
 Accuracy, Timelines, Relevancy.
 Accuracy means the information is free
from mistakes & errors. i.e the
information is free from bias.
Information
 Timelines means getting the
information to the recipients within the
needed time frame. Ex. Yesterday’s
newspaper or stock exchange values
are little change.
 Relevancy means the use of a piece of
information for a particular person.
 Information i.e relevant for one person
might not be relevant for another.
 Information processing is the
attainment, storage, organization,
retrieval display & dissemination of
information.
DATA & DATA
MANAGEMENT
Data are raw facts.
Information is data that has been put into a
meaningful & useful context & communicated
to a recipient who uses it to make decisions.
Some important points
Data constitutes the building blocks of
information.
Information is produced by processing data.
It is used to reveal the meaning of data.
Accurate ,relevant & timely information is the
key to good decision –making.
Good decision –making is the key to
organizational survival in a global
environment.
 DATA & DATA MANAGEMENT
A DataBase (DB)is a shared , integrated
computer structure that houses a collection of
end-user-data & metadata(data about data)
The metadata provide a description of the
data characteristics & the set of relationships
that link the data found within the database.
The collection of information stored in a DB at
a particular moment is called an instance of
the database & the overall design of the
database is called the database schema.
A DB resembles a very well-organized
electronic filling cabinet in which powerful s/w
knows DBMS.
 FILE –BASED DATA MANAGEMENT
Data Management was done using file-
based systems. The first computer
applications focused on clerical tasks:
order/entry processing ,payroll, work
scheduling etc.
Report generation of file system can be
slow & cumbersome.
The Database Administrator(DBA) &
programmers were the members of this
department & their primary activity was
to meet the information requirements of
the organization.
 DISADVANTAGES OF FILE SYSTEMS
Information compartmentalization , where
each department of the organization will
have its own data management system no
synchronized with other department.
The file based system has structural
dependency.
File system is dependent on the
data(Basicpay)
Data redundancy(same information stored
in more than one place)
Data inconsistency. Need programming &
skilled personals, Lack of data security.
Flat-File
 DATABASE SYSTEMS
A collection of data designed to be used
by different people is called a database.
It is a collection of interrelated data
stored together with controlled
redundancy to serve one to more
applications in an optimal fashion.
Traditional databases are organized by
fields, records & files.
A field is a single piece of information.
A record is one complete set of fields.
A file is a collection of records.
Ex. Telephone book-is a file, a list of
DATABASE SYSTEMS
 WHY A DATABASE?
 The advantages of having the data in
database are summarized
 Redundancy can be reduced-repeated info
 Inconsistency can be avoided-remove
inconsistency(2 entries in the same data)
 Data can be shared-share the data in DB.
 Standards can be enforced-DBA can
enforce standards.
 Security restrictions can be applied-DBA
can define authorization checks.
 Integrity can be maintained-the data in the
DB is accurate.Conflicting requirements
can be balanced –overall requirements
helps designers in creating a db design i.e
ORGANIZATION OF A DATABASE
A database consists of 4 elements- data,
relationships, constraints & schema.
 Data are binary computer representations of
stored logical entities.
 They are distinct pieces of information,
usually formatted in a special way .data is
the plural of datum-a single piece of
information.
 Data Dictionary is a file that defines the basic
organization of a database. It contains a list
of all files in the DB, the no.of records in each
file, & the names & types of each field.
ORGANIZATION OF A DATABASE
In DBMS, data files are the files that store
the db information, whereas other files,
such as index files & data dictionaries ,
store administrative information known as
metadata.
Relationships represent a correspondence
between the various data elements.
Constrains are predicates that define
correct database states.
Schema describes the organization of
data & relationships within the database.
ORGANIZATION OF A DATABASE
 The schema defines various views of the
database for the use of components of the
DBMS& for the application security.
 The internal schema defines now & where
data are organized in physical data
storage.
 The conceptual schema defines the stored
data structures in terms of the DB model
used.
 The external schema defines a view or
views of the database for particular users.
ORGANIZATION OF A DATABASE
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA
IN DATABASE (features)
Shared:-shared among different
users & applications.
Persistence: -the data can live
beyond the scope of the process
that created it.
Validity/Integrity/Correctness: -
data should be correct with
respect to the real world entity
that they represent.
Security:-data should be
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA IN
DATABASE (features)
Consistency:-more than one data
element in a db represents
related real-world values.
Non-redundancy:-no two data
items in a db should represent
the real-world entity.
Independence:- the 3 levels in
the schema should be
independent of each other,
changes in one schema it will not
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
A DBMS is a collection of a programs that
manages the db structure & controls access
to the data stored in the db.
 It is a collection of programs that enables you
to modify, store & extract information from db.
 There are different types of DBMS’s.
 Ex. Of DBMS Applications
 Computerized library systems
 Automated Teller Machine(ATM)
 Flight reservation systems
 Computerized parts inventory systems
 Enterprise Resource Management(ERP)
systems
 FUNCTIONS OF DBMS
A DBMS is a piece of s/w that provides services
for accessing a database.
 Transaction Management: a sequence of db
operations represents a logical unit of work.
A transaction can update or delete a record,
modify a set of records of records.
commit:.the changes made by the transaction
are made permanent.
rollback:the transaction & the db will remain in its
original stage
 Concurrency Control: coordinating the actions of
db manipulation processes that operate
concurrently & access shared data thus
interfering with one another.
 FUNCTIONS OF DBMS
 Recovery Management: it ensures that the
aborted or failed transactions create no
adverse effects on the db or other
transactions.
 Security Management: the protection of data
against unauthorized access. it depends
privileges of the users.
 Language Interface: the DBMS provided
languages for the definition & manipulation
of data in the database. Created using Data
Definition commands. Manipulation done by
data manipulation commands.
FUNCTIONS OF DBMS
 Storage Management:DBMS provides a
Permanent storage of the data.the internal
schema defines how the data should be
stored by the storage management
mechanism & the storage manager
interfaces with the OS to access the physical
storage.
 Data Catalog Management: data catalog or
data dictionary is a system db that
constrains descriptions of the data in the
db(metadata).it contains info/. about data,
relationships, constraints & the entire
schema.
DATABASE USERS
 End –users are people who use the
information stored in the database for a
variety of purposes including decision-
making.
 Support personnel: are the people who
manage the db’s ,control the access, handle
the security & performance issues ,create,
delete & maintain the db objects.
 Database Administrator(DBA):central control
over data & programs accessing the data.
he is responsible for authoriaing access to
the db, coordinating & monitoring its use &
acquiring s/w & h/w resources as needed.
DATABASE USERS
DATABASE USERS
 Database Designers: responsible for
identifying the data to be stored in the db &
choosing the appropriate structures to
represent & store this data. He interact with
user to satisfy the user needs.
 End-users: it can be application
programmers , application programs,
managers, data entry operators.
 System administrator: is the person
responsible for the entire computer system
of the organization, who has control over the
various applications, programs, db’s & other
s/w & h/w resources of the organization.
 DATABASE USERS
 Security Officers: today databases & db
applications are increasing in size,
complexity & capabilities. Db is sensitive &
to prevent unauthorized access, corruption
& destruction. whole sole responsibility is
protecting data from unauthorized access.
 Network Administrators: to manage the
networks & to ensure that all the users of
the db have access to the data the n/w
administrators have to work closely with
the DBA & security officers.