LIMIT LAWS AND
LIMITS OF SOME
TRANSCENDENTA
L FUNCTIONS
BASIC CALCULUS Quarter 3 –
Module 2
RECALL
RECALL
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
• understand the different concepts within every limit
theorem,
• illustrate the different limit theorem
• prove some notations based on laws
• appreciate the importance of limit according to different
theorem / aspects of life in real life situation
THEOREM is a general proposition
or assumption not self-evident but
proved by a chain of reasoning. A
certainty established by means of
accepted truths, seemingly a it is a
LAW
BASIC THEOREMS ON LIMITS
The limit of a constant is itself. If 𝑘 is any constant,
then,
lim 𝑘=𝑘
𝑥→𝑐
Examples
:
a. c.
b. d.
BASIC THEOREMS ON LIMITS
The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑐.
lim 𝑥=𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
Example
s:
a. c.
b. d.
BASIC THEOREMS ON LIMITS
The limit of a multiple of a function is simply that
multiple of a limit of a function.
lim 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=𝑘 ⋅ lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑘 ⋅ 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥 →𝑐
Examples : if , then
a. b.
c. d.
BASIC THEOREMS ON LIMITS
The limit of a sum of functions is the sum of the limits of the
individual functions. Subtraction is also included in this law,
that is, the limit of the difference of functions is the difference
of their limits.
Examples : if and , then
BASIC THEOREMS ON LIMITS
This theorem is similar to Addition Theorem with multiplication
replacing addition operation. The limit of a product of functions
is equal to the product of their limits.
lim [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) • 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) ] =lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) • lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=𝐿 • 𝑀
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→ 𝑐
Examples : if and , then
lim [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) • 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) ] = lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) • lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )= 3 • ( − 8 )= −24
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→ 𝑐
Note: The Addition and Multiplication Theorems may be applied to
sums, differences and products of more than two functions.
BASIC THEOREMS ON LIMITS
The limit of a quotient of functions is equal to the quotient of
the limits of the individual functions provided the denominator
limit is not equal to 0. lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
[
lim
𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔 (𝑥 ) ]
=
𝑥→ 𝑐
lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )
𝑥 →𝑐
=
𝐿
𝑀
, 𝑀≠0
Examples : a. if and , then
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
lim
[𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔 (𝑥 )
=
]
𝑥→ 𝑐
lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )
𝑥 →𝑐
=
−2
−3
=−
2
3
Examples : b. if and , then
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
lim
𝑥→𝑐 [
𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑔 (𝑥 )
=
]𝑥→ 𝑐
lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )
𝑥 →𝑐
0
= =0
5
Examples : c. if and , then it is not possible to
evaluate
Thus, we say that
DNE “does not
exist”
BASIC THEOREMS ON LIMITS
The limit of an integer power 𝑝 of a function is just that power
of the limit of the function.
𝑝
lim [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ] =¿ ¿ ¿
𝑥→𝑐
Examples : a. if then
2
lim [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ] =¿ ¿ ¿
𝑥 → 𝑐
b. if then
−3
lim [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ] =¿ ¿ ¿
𝑥→𝑐
BASIC THEOREMS ON LIMITS
If 𝑛 is a positive integer, the limit of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of a function
is just the 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of the limit of the function provided the 𝑛𝑡ℎ
root of the limit is a real number. Always keep in mind that if 𝑛
is even then the limit of the function must be positive.
√
lim √ 𝑓 (𝑥)= lim 𝑓 (𝑥)= √ 𝐿
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Examples : a. if then
√
√ 𝑓 (𝑥)=❑ lim 𝑓 (𝑥)= √ 16=4
❑ ❑
lim
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→ 𝑐
b. if then
√
lim √ 𝑓 (𝑥)= lim 𝑓 (𝑥)= √− 27=−3
3 3 3
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
c. if then it is not possible to evaluate because
TRY THIS!
Transcendental functions are the
analytical functions that are not algebraic,
and hence do not satisfy the polynomial
equation. In other words, transcendental
functions cannot be expressed in terms of
finite sequence of the algebraic
operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, raising to a power,
and extracting the roots.
The functions such as
logarithmic, trigonometric
functions, and exponential
functions are a few
examples of transcendental
functions.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
• apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of algebraic
functions (polynomial, rational and radical)
Limit Theorem of a Polynomial
function:
Now, we apply the limit theorems in evaluating
Our given function is a polynomial.
Now substitute -2 in x. We get;
Therefore, from the theorem above
Limit Theorem of a
Let ℎ be a rational function of the form where 𝑓 and 𝑔 are polynomial functions. If 𝑐 is a real
Rational function:
number and 𝑔(𝑐) ≠ 0, then
Now, we apply the limit theorems in evaluating
Solution: Since the denominator is not zero when evaluated at 𝑥 = −2, we may apply theorem
of rational function.
Limits of Exponential,
Logarithmic and
Trigonometric Functions Lesson 3
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
• compute the limits of exponential, logarithmic and
trigonometric functions using table of values and
graphs
The graph of the
function is shown at
the right.
Evaluating Limits of Logarithmic
Function
Solution: We will construct the table of values for 𝑓( 𝑥) = ln 𝑥 to keep track of the
effect that the approach of 𝑥 toward 1 will have of 𝑓( 𝑥). We first consider values of 𝑥
approaching 1 from the left (𝑥 < 1) .
Intuitively, Now we consider approaching 1 from the right ( 𝑥 >
1).
Evaluating Limits of Logarithmic
Function
Evaluating Limits of Trigonometric
Function
In Mathematics, transcendental functions are
the analytical functions that are not algebraic,
and hence do not satisfy the polynomial
equation. In other words, transcendental
functions cannot be expressed in terms of finite
sequence of the algebraic operations of addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to a
power, and extracting the roots. The functions
such as logarithmic, trigonometric functions, and
exponential functions are a few examples of
transcendental functions. The transcendental
functions can be expressed in algebra only in the
QUIZ
(You are required to use your
DESMOS)
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL WORK IMMERSION ORIENTATION
