23CSE371 – Digital Image Processing
Introduction and Applications
Dr. Sruthi C J
Introduction
• Image Processing:
• Processing of Digital Images using a
Digital Computer
• Image:
• A two-dimensional function, f(x, y)
• x, y – spatial (plane) coordinates
• f – intensity or gray level at x, y
(amplitude)
• Digital Image:
• When x, y and intensity f are all finite
discrete quantities
Pixels
• A digital image is composed of a
finite number of elements
• Each element has a location and a
value
• Also called as picture elements, pels
or pixels
Processing of Digital Images
• Classified into 3 types of Computerized
Processing – Low, Mid and High-Level Noise Reduction
Processing
• Low-Level Process
• Both inputs and Outputs are Images
• Involves primitive pre-processing
operations such as
• Noise reduction
• Contrast enhancement
• Image Sharpening
Image Sharpening
Contrast Enhancement
Processing of Digital
• Mid-Level Process
Images
• Inputs are images – Outputs are attributes extracted from
images (edges, contours, individual objects)
• Involves Tasks such as
• Segmentation – Partitioning an image into regions or objects
• Object Description
• Classification
• High-Level Process
• Making Sense of an ensemble of recognized objects Object Detection, Classification
Segmentation
Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Vision – most advanced of
human senses
• Images play most important
role in human perception
• Humans – limited to visual
band
• Imaging machines - cover
entire EM spectrum (Gamma
to Radio Waves)
• Gamma cameras for medical
imaging, X-ray machines for
bone imaging, MRI machines
using radio waves, and radio
telescopes for astronomical
observations
Origin of Digital Image
Processing
Sent by submarine cable between
London and New York, the
transportation time was reduced to
less than three hours from more than a
week
Origin of Digital Image
Processing
• Combination of computers
and space program
Sources for Images
► Electromagnetic (EM) energy spectrum
► Acoustic
► Ultrasonic
► Electronic
► Synthetic images produced by computer
Electromagnetic (EM) energy
spectrum
Major uses
Gamma-ray imaging: nuclear medicine and astronomical observations
X-rays: medical diagnostics, industry, and astronomy, etc.
Ultraviolet: lithography, industrial inspection, microscopy, lasers, biological
imaging,
and astronomical observations
Visible and infrared bands: light microscopy, astronomy, remote sensing,
industry,
and law enforcement
Microwave band: radar
Radio band: medicine (such as MRI) and astronomy
Examples of fields using DIP: Gama-Ray
Imaging
Examples of fields using DIP: X-Ray
Imaging
Examples of fields using DIP: Ultraviolet Imaging
Examples of fields using DIP: Light Microscopy
Imaging
Examples of fields using DIP: Visual and Infrared Imaging
Examples of fields using DIP: Visual and Infrared Imaging
Examples of fields using DIP: Infrared Satellite Imaging
USA 2003 2003
USA 1993
Examples of fields using DIP : Infrared Satellite Imaging
Examples: Automated Visual Inspection
Examples: Automated Visual Inspection
Results of
automated
reading of the
plate content
by the system
The area in
which the
imaging
system
detected the
plate
Example of Radar Image
Examples: MRI (Radio Band)
Imaging in the Radio Band
Cross-section of seismic model
Examples: Ultrasound Imaging
Examples: SEM
Synthetic Images
Fundamental Steps in DIP
Components of Image Processing System
Summary of things learnt
• Why do we need IP ?
• What is image ?
• Analog image
• Digitization
• Pixel
• Digital image processing
• Advantage of DIP
• Sources for Images
• Fundamental steps of digital imaging
• Components of Image processing system
