Networking Basics
Course Code: 3116 Course Title: Computer Networks
Dept. of Computer Science
Faculty of Science and Technology
Lecturer No: 1 Week No: 1 Semester:
Lecturer: Dr. Mehedi Hasan; mmhasan@edu.com
Lecture Outline
1. Overview of TCP/IP Protocol Suite
2. Connecting Devices
Repeater
Hub
Bridge
Switch
Bridge
3. Collision domain and Broadcast domain
4. Ethernet Standards
5. WLAN Standards
Overview of TCP/IP protocol suite
Application Layer
Only layer which
interacts with users
applications
Takes data from users in
sending end and provide
the data to user in the
receiving end.
Protocols include HTTP, Fig. 1Layers of TCP/IP protocol suites
DNS, FTP, SMTP.
Implemented in source
and destination devices
only
Overview of TCP/IP protocol suite
Transport Layer
gets the message from
the application layer,
encapsulates it in a
segment and sends it to
transport layer.
Message delivery can be
reliable but slow (TCP) or
unreliable but fast (UDP) Fig. 1Layers of TCP/IP protocol suites
Provide port addressing
to application layer
programs
Perform error control,
flow control and
Overview of TCP/IP protocol
suite...
Network Layer or Internet
Layer
Require for communication
between multiple networks
Introduces IP address ,
perform routing and
congestion control
Encapsulate segment into
a packet (called IP
Fig. 1Layers of TCP/IP protocol suites
datagram)
Used in end devices and
network layer devices
(Router, PC, Layer 3 switch,
etc.)
Overview of TCP/IP protocol
suite...
Data-link Layer
Require for communication
inside a network
Introduces MAC address,
perform error control and
flow control
Encapsulating packet into
frame
Used in all devices (PC,
Fig. 1Layers of TCP/IP protocol suites
Router, Switch, Bridge)
except hub & repeater
Protocols include ALOHA,
CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA
Overview of TCP/IP protocol
suite….
Physical Layer
Accepts a complete
frame from the Data Link
layer and encodes it as a
series of signals that are
transmitted onto the
local media.
Specifies transmission
Fig. 1Layers of TCP/IP protocol suites
media
Network physical
topology [1]
Overview of TCP/IP protocol
suite….
Fig. 2 Encapsulation/Decapsulation
Connecting Devices
Repeater
Repeater
Layer 1 device that takes voltage from the line, amplifies
the voltage, and sends it down the line [3].
Used to extend a network beyond the maximum length of
the cable segment [2]
If there is any “noise” caused by electromagnetic
interference on the wire, it will also amplify the noise and
send it [3].
The use of three repeater in a row results in an unusable
signal transmission because of extreme noise [3].
These devices are not in common use anymore; they have
been replaced
by hubs, bridges, and switches.
Connecting Devices….
Repeater
switch/hub/bridge
Fig. 3 Use of repeaters and switch/hub/bridge [2]
Connecting Devices….
Hub
Hub
A repeater with more than one
output port.
Electrical signal comes through
one port of the hub and gets
amplified and sent out through
all ports of the hub.
if you have a 10-Mbps hub and Fig. 4 Broadcasting of a Hub [2]
three devices are transmitting at
For a successful transmission, only one station can send data
the same time, each device gets
at a time.
one third of the bandwidth [5].
More active ports cause more collision among signal, thereby
resulting in lower data rate.
A layer 1 device [2] and is Used to connect devices of a single
network
Connecting Devices….
Bridge
Bridge
A layer 2 device
Used to connect devices of
a single network
It sends the received
frame only to the intended
destination based on the
destination MAC address
of the frame.
Better bandwidth usage
[3].
Unlike hub, it has error Fig. 5 Filtering of a Bridge [2]
detection capability
Limited ports (2-4, usually
Connecting Devices….
Switch
Switch
D E F
A layer 2 device
Used to connect devices of a
single network
Like a Bridge, it sends the
received frame only to the
intended destination based on
the destination MAC address of
the frame. Frame to F
Unlike hub, it has error
A B C
detection capability
Hundreds of ports( 2 to more
than 100) Fig. 6 Filtering of a Switch [2]
Frame forwarding decision is
taken based hardware, hence it
Connecting Devices….
Router
Router
A layer 3 device
Used to connect multiple
networks
Connected networks can have
different protocols and speed.
Forward packets based on
destination IP address
Most intelligent connecting
device Fig. 7 Router connecting multiple
Can also be used to forward networks [6]
packet within a network
Slower than switch because of
Collision Domain
The “collision domain” describes a network where packet collisions can occur when
two devices on a shared network medium send packets simultaneously.
Hub: All ports belong to the same collision domain.
Bridge, Switch, Router: Each port belongs to a separate collision domain.
Broadcast Domain
All the devices in the broadcast domain can reach via broadcast at the data link layer.
A Broadcast Domain can receive any broadcast packet originating from any device
within the network segment.
All ports of hub and switch belong to same broadcast domain but all ports of the router
belong do different broadcast domain [9].
Problem
Ethernet Standards
TABLE I Ethernet Standard [7]
Spee Commo Informal Form Cable Type Max.
d n Standar al Length
Name d Name Stand
ard
Name
10 Ethernet 10BASE-T 802.3 Cat3 100 m
Mbps
100 Fast 100BASE-T 802.3 Cat5 100 m
Mbps Ethernet u
1000 Gigabit 1000BASE 802.3z Single mode fiber 5000 m
Mbps Ethernet -LX
50-micron multimode 550 m
fiber
62.5-micron 440 m
multimode fiber
1000 Gigabit 1000BASE- 802.3a Cat5, Cat5e 100 m
WLAN Standards
TABLE II WLAN Standard [8]
Relea Standa Freque Bandwi Transmissi Max MIMO Max
se rd ncy dth on scheme modulati data
date band on rate
1997 802.11 2.4 GHz 20 MHz DSSS, FHSS QPSK N/A 2 Mbps
1999 802.11 2.4 GHz 20 MHz DSSS QPSK N/A 11 Mbps
b
1999 802.11 5 GHz 20 MHz OFDM 64 QAM N/A 54 Mbps
a
2003 802.11 2.4 GHz 20 MHz DSSS, 64 QAM N/A 54 Mbps
g OFDM
2009 802.11 2.4 GHz 20 MHz OFDM 64 QAM 600
n 5 GHz 40 MHz Mbps
2013 802.11 5 GHz 20 MHz OFDM 256 QAM 6.93
ac 40 MHz Gbps
80 MHz
160 MHz
Connecting Devices….
Acronyms
SSS: Direct sequence spread spectrum
HSS: Frequency hop spread spectrum
FDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDM: Single carrier frequency domain multiplexing
QPSK: Quadrature phase shift keying
QAM: Quadrature amplitude modulation
MIMO: Multiple input multiple output
Beamforming: Technique of focusing a wireless signal towards a
specific receiving device
References
[1] B. A. Forouzan, Data Communication and Networking, 5th ed., The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., USA, 2013, pp. 38-42.
[2] P. Ciccarelli and C. Faulkner, Networking Foundations, Sybex
Inc., USA, 2004, pp. 160 –
165.
[3] D. Liu, Cisco CCNA/CCENT Exam 640-802, 640-822, 640-816
Preparation Kit, Syngress
Publishing, Inc., 2009, pp. 607-609.
[4] Difference between a switch and a bridge,
https://geek-university.com/ccna/ differences-between-a-switch-a
nd-a-bridge/
, [Accessed: April. 22, 2020].
[5] D. Barrett and T. King, Computer Networking Illuminated,
Jones and Bartlett Publishers,
Inc., USA, 2003, pp. 90-91.
[6] T. Dean, Network+ Guide to Networks, Course Technology,
USA, 2013, pp. 270.
[7] W. Odom, Official Cert Guide CCNA 200-301 Volume 1,
Pearson Education, Inc.,
Recommended Books
1. Data Communications and Networking, B. A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Fourth
Edition, 2007, USA.
2. Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, J. F., Kurose, K. W. Ross, Pearson
Education, Inc., Sixth Edition, USA.
3. Official Cert Guide CCNA 200-301 , vol. 1, W. Odom, Cisco Press, First Edition, 2019,
USA.
4. CCNA Routing and Switching, T. Lammle, John Wily & Sons, Second Edition, 2016,
USA.
5. TCP/IP Protocol Suite, B. A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Fourth Edition, 2009, USA.
6. Data and Computer Communication, W. Stallings, Pearson Education, Inc., Tenth
Education, 2013, USA.
