Algorithm Analysis &
Complexity
This presentation explores algorithm analysis, a crucial process for
understanding how much time and space resources an algorithm requires
relative to its input size. It helps us compare different algorithms and select
the most efficient one for a given problem.
Understanding complexity is vital for predicting performance, comparing
approaches, guiding optimization, and designing scalable systems. We will
delve into various aspects of complexity, notation, common complexities,
and practical analysis techniques.
ST
by Samuel Titiloye
Why Algorithm Analysis
Matters
Predict Performance
Helps predict how an algorithm will perform as input size grows,
ensuring scalability.
Compare Approaches
Allows for effective comparison between different algorithmic solutions
to a problem.
Guide Optimization
Guides optimization decisions in software development, leading to more
efficient code.
Design Scalable Systems
Essential for designing robust and scalable systems that can handle
increasing demands.
Types of Complexity
Time Complexity Space Complexity
Measures how the execution time of an algorithm grows with the Measures how the memory usage of an algorithm grows with the
input size. This is crucial for understanding how long an input size. Efficient space usage is vital for algorithms running on
algorithm will take to run, especially with large datasets. systems with limited memory resources.
Asymptotic Notation
Big O Notation (O) Big Omega Notation (Ω)
Represents the upper bound of Represents the lower bound of
an algorithm's growth rate, an algorithm's growth rate,
describing the worst-case describing the best-case
scenario. It is the most scenario. An example is Ω(n log
commonly used notation in n) for comparison-based sorting
practice. For example, O(n²) algorithms.
means the algorithm will never
perform worse than quadratic
time.
Big Theta Notation (Θ)
Represents the tight bound when upper and lower bounds are the
same, describing the average-case scenario. For instance, Θ(n log n) for
merge sort indicates its consistent performance.
Common Time Complexities
Understanding common time complexities helps in evaluating algorithm efficiency from best to worst performance.
O(1) - Constant Time
1 Execution time is independent of input size (e.g., array access).
O(log n) - Logarithmic Time
2 Very efficient for large inputs (e.g., binary search).
O(n) - Linear Time
3 Time grows proportionally with input size (e.g., linear search).
O(n log n) - Log-Linear Time
4 Common in efficient sorting algorithms (e.g., merge sort).
O(n²) - Quadratic Time
5 Time grows with the square of input size (e.g., bubble sort).
Analysis Techniques
Counting Operations
Involves counting basic operations like comparisons,
assignments, and arithmetic, focusing on those that dominate
execution time.
Recursive Relations
For recursive algorithms, recurrence relations are established
and solved using techniques such as the Master Theorem.
Amortized Analysis
Evaluates the average performance over a sequence of
operations, particularly useful for data structures with
occasional expensive operations.
Best, Average, and Worst
Case Analysis
Analyzing algorithms across different scenarios provides a comprehensive
understanding of their performance characteristics.
Best Case Average Case Worst Case
The minimum time or The expected time or The maximum time or
space required, space over all possible space required,
occurring when the inputs, often requiring occurring when the
input is optimally probabilistic analysis to input is arranged in the
arranged for the determine. most unfavorable way.
algorithm. This is the most
commonly analyzed
and reported scenario.
Conclusion & Tips for Analysis
Algorithm analysis is fundamental to computer science. Understanding time and space complexity helps in making informed
decisions about algorithm selection and optimization. While theoretical analysis provides important insights, always consider
practical factors like implementation complexity, constants, and real-world constraints when choosing algorithms for actual
applications.
Focus on Dominant Terms: In O(3n² + 5n + 2), the dominant term is n².
Ignore Constants: O(5n) simplifies to O(n).
Consider Input Size: Algorithm efficiency depends on how it scales.
Analyze Loops: Single loops are O(n), nested loops multiply complexities, independent loops add complexities.
Recursive Calls: Use recursion trees or Master Theorem.
