FUNDAMENTALS OF

INTERNET AND WEB

UNIT 1
NEED FOR STUDYING WEB
ESSENTIALS

90% of Application Developed and used

today are
Web Applications. Remaining 10%
applications are consider
Web Applications
as Desktop
Desktop Applications
Applications
Web Applications needs Desktop Applications is
an internet connections a computer program
or some sort of network that runs locally on a
to work properly computer device like a
eg) Online forms, Email desktop or a laptop.
programs, Gmail, yahoo, Don’t need an Internet
google.com etc connections in order to
be used.
eg) Microsoft office
INTERNET OVERVIEW

 Definition of Internet
 Origin of Internet
 What the Internet is
 Protocol
 Switching
 Addressing
 ISP
Definition of Internet

INTERNET- Internet is a global

communication system that links together
thousands of individual networks. It allows
exchange of information between two or
more computers
on a network.
APPLICATIONS
 Search engine- Google and yahoo searches
 Shopping- buy or sell online.
 Communication- e-mails and chats.
 Job search- Indeed, Naukri.com
 Research- present online papers, Video
Conferencing
 E–commerce- Flip kart, Snap deal, and
Amazon India.
 On-line payments- Gpay, Paytm, Mobikwik
Origin of Internet
 The first internet was developed by
ADVANCE RESEARCH PROJECT AGENCY
[ARPA] of US department of defense in
1969.
 It was called as ARPA NET.
ARPANET (Advance Research Projects Agency Network) -
share resources
USENET (User's Network)- exchange messages and files
CSNET ( Computer Science Network) -electronic mail
BITNET (Because It’s Time Network)- electronic mail
and file transfer
NSFNER (National Science Foundation Network)-
connected more than
1 million computer around the world
WWW (World wide web)- accessing information through
the medium of the Internet
NREN (National Research and Education Network)- high-
speed computing and the early Internet
INTERNET
What the Internet is
The Internet is the huge collection of
computer and other device connected by
equipment that allows them to
communicate with each other.
Public Network
But WWW is a way of accessing
information through the medium of the
Internet.
Protocol- Set of Rules
Protocol suite used TCP/IP (Standard for computer network connections in 1982)

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet

Protocol)
Every computer in Internet is identified by unique IP
address
TCP is reliable (delivery of packets without loss)
Stream transport- connection oriented protocol
(responsible for delivery of message from a process to
another process)
A connection must be established between both ends.TCP
divides a stream of data into smaller units called
segments.
Segment =sequence number + Acknowledgment Number
(eg) E-mail
IP(internet protocol) host to host protocol
If can deliver a packet from one physical device to another
Uses of Internet Email, Sharing of files, NEWS, GPS,
Education, Online banking etc.
Internet Protocol Address (IP Address):
The Internet protocol address of a machine connected to
the internet is a unique (different) 32 bit number.
They are usually written as 32 bit numbers separated by
dots (periods).
E.g.: The IP address of www.google.com is
209.85.148.105
The IP address of www.bangaloreuniversity.in is
14.139.159.35
Switching
Switching helps in deciding the best route for data
transmission if there are multiple paths in a larger network.

Switching Types
Circuit Switching: A dedicated path is established between
the sender and receiver. Before data transfer connection
will be established first. Eg: Telephone Network.
Message Switching: Message is transferred as a complete unit
and
forwarded using store and forward mechanism.
Packet Switching: The Internet is a packet switched network.
Message is broken into individual chunks called as packets.
Each packet is sent individually. Each packet will have
source and destination IP address with sequence number
Addressing
 ADDRESSING
 IP address
 IPV4
 IPV6

 MAC address
 Port address
IP ADRESS
Every node in the computer Network is
identified with the help of IP address.
IPV4 IPV6

32 bit address length 128 bit address length

Consist of 4 fields Consists of 8 fields
Which are separated by Separated by colon(:)
dot(.)
It has classes from A to No such classes are
E present in IPV6

Range 0 to 255 Range 0000 to FFFF

(eg) 66.94.0.125 2001:0000:3238:DFE1:0
063:
MAC ADDRESS
 Physical address or hardware address
 Unique
 Cannot be changed
 Assigned by the manufacturer
 Represented in hexadecimal
 Separator :hypen(-), colon(:), dot(.)
 Example:79-20-84-00-ED-E2(48,bits)
PORT ADDRESS
* In a node, many processes will be running.
* Data which are sent/received must reach
the right process.
* Every process in a node is uniquely
identified using port numbers.
Port = Communication End Point
IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority).
Divide the port numbers into 3 ranges
Port Number range  0 to 65535
 ISP (Internet service
provider)
An ISP is a company that provides individuals and organizations access to the internet &
other related services. (eg) Airtel, BSNL
IP address is assigned to a device by ISP.
IP address can change based on the location of the person.
Mac address is assigned by manufacturer cannot be changed.
Reaching the right process is done by using port numbers
Port address
Suppose in a computer, a person is using Google, Media player & Gmail
(ie, three process are running) at the same time, Each & every process is assigned
a port number.
for eg Gmail  Port no: 46562
Google  Port no: 62223
Media player  Port no: 48212
Google has port no. 62223. The sender sends the request. The request is Received by
the server. The server will reply with the information. It sees which source port number
has requested & delivers the data to the right process.
Eg
IP address Location of the person
MAC address Name of the person
Fundamental computer network
concepts

A computer network is a collection of

interconnected devices that share resources and
information. These devices can include
computers, servers, printers, and other hardware.
Networks allow for the efficient exchange of data,
enabling various applications such as email, file
sharing, and internet browsing.
Network: A group of connected computers and devices that can
communicate and share data with each other.
Node: Any device that can send, receive, or forward data in a
network. This includes laptops, mobiles, printers, earbuds, servers,
etc.
Networking Devices: Devices that manage and support networking
functions. This includes routers, switches, hubs, and access points.
Transmission Media: The physical or wireless medium through
which data travels between devices.
Wired media: Ethernet cables, optical fiber.
Wireless media: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, infrared
Service Provider Networks: Networks offered by external
providers that allow users or organizations to lease network access
and capabilities. This includes internet providers, mobile carriers,
etc.
 How Does a Computer Network
Work
 Basics building blocks of a Computer network are
Nodes and Links.
 A Network Node can be illustrated as Equipment
for Data Communication like a Modem, Router,
etc., or Equipment of a Data Terminal like
connecting two computers or more.
 Link in Computer Networks can be defined as
wires or cables or free space of wireless networks
(as shown in the below diagram)
 The working of Computer Networks can be
simply defined as rules or protocols which help in
sending and receiving data via the links which
allow Computer networks to communicate.
 Each device has an IP Address, that helps in
identifying the device.
 A firewall is a network security device either
hardware or software-based which monitors all
incoming and outgoing traffic and based on a
defined set of security rules it accepts, rejects, or
drops that specific traffic .
Types of Computer Networks

Personal Area Network (PAN)

A Personal Area Network (PAN) is the smallest type of
network, used for connecting personal devices over a short
range, typically a few meters around a single user
Example: Syncing an iPhone and a MacBook for file sharing
forms a PAN.
Local Area Network
(LAN)
A Local Area Network (LAN) connects computers and
devices within a confined area like a building, office, school,
or hospital
Example: A school’s computer lab or a home Wi-Fi setup.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) spans a city or large

campus, linking multiple LANs for unified communication.
Commonly used by universities, governments, or large
enterprises.
Example: A city’s municipal network connects various public
departments.
Wide Area Network (WAN)

A Wide Area Network (WAN) covers large geographic areas,

from cities to countries and continents. WANs often use
leased lines, satellite links, or the Internet for connectivity.
Example: A global corporation’s network linking offices in
different countries.
Types of networking device
Types of networking
device
A network bridge is a network device or software that
connects two or more separate network segments
(like LANs) to form a single, larger network.
A hub is a simple, outdated device that serves as a
central point to connect multiple computers and
devices in a local area network (LAN)
A switch is a multiport hardware device that connects
multiple devices on a network, such as computers,
printers, and servers, to enable them to communicate
and share resources
A router is a hardware device that connects two or
more computer networks, enabling them to exchange
data packets by forwarding them to their intended IP
addresses
Types of networking
device
A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a hardware
device that serves as a bridge between your home
network and your Internet Service Provider (ISP),
enabling digital devices to communicate over analog
communication lines
A repeater is a hardware device that receives a
network signal, regenerates it to its original strength,
and then retransmits it to extend the network's range
A gateway is a hardware device or software system
that connects two separate networks using different
transmission protocols, acting as a border or
entry/exit point for data.
Types of connection
Network connectivity can be of two types:
 Point to point- Point-to-Point connections

establish a dedicated, exclusive link

between two devices, offering high
security and privacy, like a private phone
call
 Multipoint- Multipoint connections allow

multiple devices to share a single link,

enabling one sender to communicate
with several receivers, as seen in a
broadcast.
 Network Topology
 Network topology
refers to the
arrangement of
different elements like
nodes, links, or devices
in a computer network.
 Bus Topology.

 Star Topology

 Ring Topology

 Mesh Topology

 Tree Topology

 Hybrid Topology
 Types of Technology
Internet
What it is: A global, public network of interconnected computer networks accessible
to anyone.
Access: Unlimited and public, with no restrictions.
Users: Any individual with network access.
Purpose: To exchange information and ideas on a global scale.
Intranet
What it is: A private, internal network within an organization.
Access: Private and restricted to authorized employees only.
Users: Authorized employees within the company.
Purpose: To share company-specific information, resources, and facilitate internal
communication.
Extranet
What it is: An extension of an intranet that provides controlled access to external
users.
Access: Private but authorized to external groups or partners.
Users: Authorized external partners, suppliers, customers, and collaborators.
Purpose: To allow business partners to access specific organizational information and
collaborate securely.
Protocols
A protocol is a set of predefined
rules that handle how data is
exchanged between computers over the
Internet. It ensures that devices can
communicate in a structured, reliable,
and secure manner. In essence,
protocols dictate how data is sent,
received, formatted, and processed.
Types of Protocols
 TCP/IP

 UDP
 Web Protocols
A protocol is a set of predefined rules that handle how data is
exchanged between computers over the Internet
 SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)- SMTP protocol is important
for sending and distributing outgoing emails.
 PPP(Point-to-Point Protocol)- PPP is a communication protocol that
is used to create a direct connection between two communicating
devices
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)- This protocol is used for transferring
files from one system to the other. This works on a client-server model
 SFTP(Secure File Transfer Protocol)-SFTP which is also known as
SSH FTP refers to File Transfer Protocol (FTP) over Secure Shell (SSH)
as it encrypts both commands and data while in transmission.
 HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)-HTTP protocol is used to
transfer hypertexts over the internet and it is defined by the
www(world wide web) for information transfer. This protocol defines
how the information needs to be formatted and transmitted. And, it
also defines the various actions the web browsers should take in
 HTTPS(HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure)- HTTPS is an extension of the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). It is used for secure communication over a
computer network with the SSL/TLS protocol for encryption and authentication. So,
generally, a website has an HTTP protocol but if the website is such that it receives
some sensitive information such as credit card details, debit card details, OTP, etc
then it requires an SSL certificate installed to make the website more secure. So,
before entering any sensitive information on a website, we should check if the link is
HTTPS or not. If it is not HTTPS then it may not be secure enough to enter sensitive
information.
 TELNET(Terminal Network)- TELNET is a standard TCP/IP protocol used for virtual
terminal service given by ISO. This enables one local machine to connect with
another. The computer which is being connected is called a remote computer and
which is connecting is called the local computer
 UDP- UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless, unreliable transport layer
protocol. Unlike TCP, it does not establish a reliable connection between devices
before transmitting data, and it does not guarantee that data packets will be
received in the order they were sent or that they will be received at all
 POP3(Post Office Protocol 3)- POP3 stands for Post Office Protocol version 3. It
has two Message Access Agents (MAAs) where one is client MAA (Message
Access Agent) and another is server MAA(Message Access Agent) for accessing
the messages from the mailbox. This protocol helps us to retrieve and manage
 TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol)- In TCP/IP, the IP protocol ensures that each
computer that is connected to the Internet is having a
specific serial number called the IP address. TCP specifies
how data is exchanged over the internet and how it should
be broken into IP packets. It also makes sure that the
packets have information about the source of the message
data, the destination of the message data, the sequence in
which the message data should be re-assembled, and
checks if the message has been sent correctly to the
specific destination. The TCP is also known as a connection-
oriented protocol.
URL (Uniform Resource
Locator)
 URL is a fancy name for address.
 It contains the information about where a file is &
what a browser should do with it.
 Each file on the internet as a unique URL.
 URL Format or Parts of the URL:
Scheme: // hostname: port/path-to-
document-filename

 There are 4 parts in a URL:

 1. Scheme:
  It tells the browser how to deal the file that it is about to
open. The scheme is often a communication protocol.
  The most commonly used scheme for web
communication is http which is used to the web pages.
2. Hostname: The DNS domain name or IP
address of the server where the requested
website is hosted.
3. Port: The TCP port number which specifies the
process that runs on web server to which the
message is to be forwarded for handling.
4. Path-to-document- and file name: The name &
location of the requested resources under the
server document based directory.
Domain Names
Domain names are textual names given to the nodes on
the internet. It is in the form of words separated by dots.
E.g.: www.google.com www.yahoo.org
The last position of domain name represents the top
level domain or first level domain.
Domain name Assigned To
Com Commercial education
Edu Educational institution
Gov Government organization
Net Major network support center
Mil Military group
Country code Domain: a unique two-letter combinations
for every country like IN, UK, US
 Sub domains: Sub domains are the third level domains
that are used to organize the web site content in
systematic manner.
They are just like folders under the root directory .But they
will have a special URL to access.

Purpose of sub domains:

 We can organize the website.
 We can share our disk space with our friends and family.
Domain Name Server: Domain name server is a software
system that translates a computers fully qualified domain
name in to an IP address.
Namespace
In DNS, the namespace refers to the hierarchical, tree-like
structure that organizes and identifies all domain names on
the internet, allowing for unique naming of resources.
It starts from the root domain at the top and branches
down to top-level domains (TLDs),
second-level domains, and further subdomains, ensuring
that every name in the system is uniquely resolvable to a
specific address or resource.
Registers
In the context of DNS, "register" refers to the
process of creating a new record or entry in
the DNS database, which makes a domain
name or service discoverable and resolvable
on the internet. Registering a domain name
makes it available for exclusive use by
reserving it through a domain registrar, while
registering a DNS record (like an A record or
PTR record) involves adding information to a
DNS server to link a name to an IP address or
other data
Web Browser
Web Browser is a software application used to locate
& display WebPages. It is able to retry, find, view and
send information over the internet
Or
Browsers are the programs running on client machines.
They are called browsers because they allow the user
to browse the resources available on servers.
• The most commonly used web browsers are:
1. Microsoft Internet Explorer,
2. 2. Mozilla Firefox
3. 3. Google Chrome
4. 4. Apple safari
5. 5. Opera
6. 6. Net-scape Navigator
Web Servers
A web server is software that runs on the website hosting server
computer. Its main purpose is to serve the WebPages; which
means it waits for requests from web browsers and responds by
sending the required data back.
Or
Web servers are programs that provide documents to requesting
browser.
The most commonly used web servers are:
1. Apache HTTP server
2. Microsoft Internet Information Server (MIIS)
Apache HTTP Server:
3. It is the most popular web server on the web since 1996.
4. 2. It was develop and maintained by Apache Software
foundation.
5. 3. Apache is available for a range of OS including UNIX,
LINUX,WINDOWS & Etc.,
Microsoft Inter Information Server (MIIS)
 It was developed by micro-soft Corporation.
 It works only on windows operating system.
 It is vendor specific & not a open source.
Web Server Operation or the Role of web server on
the Internet.
The term web server can be two things.
1. A computer on which a website is hosted &
2. A Program that runs on such a computer.
The process of loading the webpage in a web browser begins with the
user by entering the URL of the requested field.
• Then the browser broke the URL into 3 parts.
1. The Protocol (“http”)
2. Server name (www.irctc.co.in)
3. File name
• Then the browser communicates with the domain name server to
translate the server name into IP address. Which the browser uses
to connect to the server.
• The server software now takes up the request & searches for the
requested webpage on its hard disk. On finding the file the server
sends the requested data back to the browser.
• Finally the browser reads the html tags & determines how a web
page is to be displayed on the screen that could be understood by
the user.
• The transfer of data b/w browser & server is governed by http