l o gar i th mic fu n c ti o n
Definition:
A logarithmic function is a function
defined by
X , if and only if
For all positive real numbers x and b, and b
R E C A L L T H E F O L LO W I N G !
Reminders:
The mathematical statement “=3” can be
written as which is read as “logarithm of 3 to
the base 2 is equal to x.”
The word logarithm was coined from the
Greek words: logos, meaning ratio, and
arithmos, which means number
The exponential function is increasing all
throughout its domain; thus, it is one-to-one
function and its inverse function exists.
R E C A L L T H E F O L LO W I N G !
Reminders:
In both the logarithmic and exponential forms,
b is the base. In the exponential form, c is an
exponent; this implies that the logarithm is
actually an exponent. Hence, logarithmic and
exponential functions are inverses.
In the logarithmic form , x cannot be negative.
The value of can be negative.
O T H E R LO G A R I T H M S
Other Logarithms
Common Logarithms are logarithms with base
10; is a short notation for .
Natural Logarithms are logarithms with base e
(approximately 2.71828) and are denoted by
ln. In other words, is another way of writing .
l o gar i th mic e qu ati o n s
Definition:
A logarithmic equation in one variable is an
equation involving logarithms of expression
containing
E X P O N E N T I Athe variable.
L FOR M to logarithm FORM
Express each exponential form in its equivalent
logarithmic form.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e. -2
EXPONENTIAL FORM to logarithm FORM
Example: Rewrite the following in logarithmic
form.
⇔ ⇔ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓=𝟑 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟒 𝟏=𝟎
𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟕 =− 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟕 𝟐𝟏=𝒃
𝟒𝟗
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟎=𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝒙=𝟐
𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒎=𝒏
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 =𝟐
𝟑
𝟗
logarithm equation to EXPONENTIAL FORM
Example: Rewrite the following in exponential
form.
Logarithmic Form Exponential form
64 =3
=2
=n
=-3
=3
The logarithm of a number
The logarithm x of a number N to the base b is
the exponent of the power to which b is raised
to obtain N. In symbols,
Example: Evaluate the following logarithms.
a. b. c. d.
Solution: Solution: Solution: Solution:
let x= let x= let x= let x=
= = = =
= = = =
x=3 x=4 x= x=-2
Property of equality for logarithmic equations
Let b be a positive real number and
M = N if and only if M=N.
Example: Solve each logarithmic Equation.
a. = b. =
By applying the property of Equality
By applying the property of
for Logarithmic Equation
Equality for Logarithmic Equation
We reject x=-3,since it is not in the
The solution set is
domain.
L AWS O F LO GARITH MS
1st law of Logarithms
For any base b,
b =1
1=0
=x 0, b
Use the 1 law of logarithms to find the value of the
st
following logarithmic expressions:
1. = 𝟏
2. = 𝟓
3. = 𝒙
𝟐
4. = 𝟎
5. = 𝒙 +𝟏
= −𝟐
6.
Use the 1 law of logarithms to find the value of the
st
following logarithmic expressions:
7. =1
8. = 10
9. =1
10 =2
11. =5
=4
12.
L AWS O F LO GARITH MS
2nd law of Logarithms: Logarithm of
Products
The logarithm of the product of
positive real numbers is equal to the
sum of the logarithm of the factors to
the given base. In symbols,
L AWS O F LO GARITH MS
3rd law of Logarithms: Logarithm of
Quotient
The logarithm of quotient of two
positive real numbers is equal to the
logarithm of the logarithm dividend
minus the logarithm of the divisor. In
symbols,
L AWS O F LO GARITH MS
4th law of Logarithms: Logarithm of
Power
The logarithm of the power of a
positive real number is equal to the
exponent times the logarithm of the
number to the given base. In symbols,
I n t ro d u c t i o n t o l o g a r i t h m
Example. Expand each expression in terms
of the logarithms.
1.
Example. Condense each expression in terms
of the logarithms.
Expand the following:
Condense the following:
