Input devices
• Keypad
• Switch
I/O device Interfacing
Output devices
• LEDs
• 7 SEG Display
• LCD
I/O device Interfacing
I/O devices (Peripherals)
• Examples: switches, LED, LCD, printers, keyboard,
keypad
• Interface chips
• are needed to resolve the speed problem
• synchronizes data transfer between CPU and I/O device
• Connection of Interface and CPU
• Data pins are connected to CPU data bus
• I/O port pins are connected to I/O device
• CPU may be connected to multiple interface
• IO ports are simplest interface
Switch On I/O Ports
• Case-1:
• Gives a logic 0 on switch close
• Current is 0.5ma on switch close
• Case-2:
• Gives a logic 1 on switch close
• High current on switch close
• Case-3:
• Can damage port if 0 is output
I/O device Interfacing
Simple input devices
• DIP switches usually have 8 switches
• Use the case-1 from previous page
• Sequence of instructions to read is:
I/O device Interfacing
Bouncing contacts
• Contact:
• Push-button switches
• Toggle switches
• Electromechanical relays
• Make and break Contact normally open switch
• The effect is called "contact bounce" or, in a switch,
"switch bounce”.
• If used as edge-triggered input (as INT0), several
interrupt is accorded
I/O device Interfacing
Hardware Solution
• An RC time constant to suppress the bounce
• The time constant has to be larger than the switch bounce
Vcc
OUT
Software Solution
• Read the new state of switch N time
• Wait-and-see technique
• When the input drops
• an “appropriate” delay is executed (10 ms)
• then the value of the line is checked again to make sure the
line has stopped bouncing
I/O device Interfacing
Interfacing a Keypad
16 keys arranged as a 4X4 matrix
• Place a 0 on R0 port
• Read C port
• If there is a 0 bit F E D C
then the button R1
at the column/row B A 9 8 R2
R3
intersection has R4
7 6 5 4
been pressed.
• Otherwise, try next row 3 2 1 0
• Repeat constantly C1
C2
C3
C4
I/O device Interfacing
Simple output devices
• Case-1
• LED is ON if output=zero
• Most LEDs drop 1.7 volts and need about 10ma
• Current is (5-1.7)/470
• Case-2
• Too much current
• Failure of Port or LED
• Case-3
• Not enough drive (1ma)
• LED is too dim
I/O device Interfacing
The 7-Segment Display
• 7 LEDs arranged to form the number 8.
• By turning on and off (LEDs), different combinations can
be produced.
• useful for displaying the digits 0 through 9, and some
characters.
I/O device Interfacing
The 7-segment Display (Cont.)
• 7-segment displays come in 2 configurations:
Common Anode Common Cathode
Connect cathode to the output Connect cathode to the output
• Therefore, the common anode variety would be better
for our interfacing needs.
I/O device Interfacing
Interfacing a 7-segment display
• Two ways
• Connecting the 7 data lines to the microcontroller pin
• Using a decoder – (4-8 decoder ) e.g. 7447
• Common cathode – requires a 1 to light LED and 0 to switch off –
Active high
• Common anode – requires a 0 to light and 1 to switch off- Active
Low
I/O device Interfacing
Connecting using a decoder
I/O device Interfacing
BCD to 7_Seg lookup table
BCD pgfedcba he
7_seg x
0000 001111 11 3f
0001 00110000 30
0010 0101101 1 5b
0011 010011 11 4f
0100 011001 10 66
0101 01101101 6d
0110 01111101 7d
0111 00000111 07
1000 01111111 7f
1001 01101111 6f
a a a a a a a a
f b f b b f b f f b f b f b
g g g g g g g
e c e e c c c e c c e c c
d d d d d d d
LCD Interfacing
• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
• Cheap and easy way to display text
• Various configurations (1 line by 20 X char up to 8 lines X 80)
• Integrated controller
• The display has two register
• command register
• data register
• By RS you can select register
• Data lines (DB7-DB0) used to transfer data and commands
I/O device Interfacing
I/O device Interfacing
Specification of
LCD16x2
• Display Type: Alphanumeric character display
• Character Format: 5x8 dots matrix format
• Display Size: 16 characters x 2 lines
• Display Color: Blue or Green
• Backlight: LED backlight
• Voltage Supply: 5V DC
• Interface: 4-bit or 8-bit mode
• Dimension: 84.0 x 44.0 x 13.0 mm
I/O device Interfacing
Alphanumeric LCD Interfacing
• Pinout
• 8 data pins D7:D0
• RS: Data or Command
Register Select
• R/W: Read or Write
• E: Enable (Latch data)
• RS – Register Select
• RS = 0 Command Register
• RS = 1 Data Register
• R/W = 0 Write , R/W = 1 Read
• E – Enable
• Used to latch the data present on the data pins.
• D0 – D7
• Bi-directional data/command pins.
• Alphanumeric characters are sent in ASCII format.
I/O device Interfacing
Pinouts
• VEE- Contrast adjustment;
• E- Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse
is given; Extra voltage push is required to execute
the instruction and EN(enable) signal is used for
this purpose
I/O device Interfacing
Memory map
• It consist of:
• DD RAM
• CG ROM
• CG RAM
• DD RAM : Display Data RAM
• Stores the character code for each character of LCD Display Extra
locations are used during shifting operations
• CG ROM : Character Generator ROM
• Contains font bitmap for predefined characters that LCD can display
Character code in DD RAM equates to a location in CG ROM Character
code in DD RAM equates to a location in CG ROM e.g. 48H location
refers to character ‘H’ (also 48 is ASCII value of H) Contains English
ASCII characters and Japanese Characters
I/O device Interfacing
• CG RAM : Character Generator RAM Provides
space for 8 custom characters
I/O device Interfacing
Interfacing LCD
I/O device Interfacing
LCD Commands
• The LCD’s internal controller can accept several commands and
modify the display accordingly. Such as:
• Clear screen
• Return home
• Decrement/Increment cursor
• After writing to the LCD, it takes some time for it to complete
its internal operations. During this time, it will not accept any
new commands or data.
• We need to insert time delay between any two commands or data sent
to LCD
I/O device Interfacing
Pin Description
I/O device Interfacing
Command Set
I/O device Interfacing
Command set
• Clear Display:– Clears the Display– Returns cursor
to top-left position Returns cursor to top left
position– Writes a blank space to all DD RAM
Location– Address counter is reset to 0– Clears all
optional setting
• Return Cursor Home:– Returns cursor to top-left
position– DD RAM content remains unchanged–
Address counter is reset to 0– Display is returned to
original status, if shifted
I/O device Interfacing
Command set
• Entry Mode Set– Set cursor move direction
– Specify whether or not to shift the display Bit DB1
– I/D (Increment/Decrement) ( )
0 - Auto Increment the address counter. Cursor blink/move to left 1
- Auto Decrement the address counter. Cursor blink/move to right
• Bit DB0 – Shift 0
• 0- Shifting Disabled
• 1 – During a DD RAM write operation, shift the entire
display value in the direction controlled by Bit DB1 (I/D).
Appears as though the cursor position remains controlled
by Bit DB1 (I/D). Appears as though the cursor position
remains constant and the display moves
I/O device Interfacing
Display ON/OFF: Display is
turned on/off
• Bit DB2 (D) Display on/off
• 0 – No character displayed. Data stored in DD RAM is
retained
• 1 Display character stored in DD RAM 1 – Display character
stored in DD RAM
• Bit DB1 (C) Cursor on/off
• 0 – No cursor 1 – Display cursor
• Bit DB0 (B) Cursor blink on/off
• 0 – No cursor blinking 11
• 1 – Cursor blinks on/off approx. every half second
I/O device Interfacing
Function set
• Cursor and Display Shift: Moves cursor and shifts display
without changing DD RAM Contents
• Function Set: S t i t f d t l th– Sets interface data length–
Number of display lines– Character font– Starter kit – Value =
28h
• Set DD RAM Address:– Sets initial DD RAM Address–
Subsequent data read/write is performed from DD RAM
• Read Busy Flag and Address:– BF = 1 => Some internal
operation is in progress. Next instruction is not accepted until
the flag clears– Returns present value of the Address Counter
13 Returns present value of the Address Counter
I/O device Interfacing
Command set
• Write Data to CG RAM or DD RAM:– Writes data to CG
RAM / DDRAM if followed by Set CG RAM / DD RAM
Address respectively– Add. Counter automatically inc. or
dec. depending upon I/D bit
• Read Data from CG RAM or DD RAM:– Reads data from
CG RAM / DDRAM if followed by Set CG RAM / DD RAM
Address respectively 14– Add. Counter automatically inc.
or dec. depending upon I/D bit
I/O device Interfacing
LCD Addressing
I/O device Interfacing
LCD Timing
I/O device Interfacing
I/O device Interfacing
Interfacing LCD
I/O device Interfacing
