Network Applications (typically) CLIENT-SERVER
Examples of the Application level of the OSI model One typically provides a service to the other Servers for hardware
file printer fax
Application
Servers for software support
providing terminal access providing translation from internet name addresses to internet numeric addresses
A\ND LOTS OF OTHER FUNCTIONALITY!!!
(pcs.cnu.edu) (137.155.10.2)
Common CLIENT-SERVERs
FTP for transferring files from one machine
to another WITHOUT having an account at both machines.
TELNET for providing remote commandline (shell) access when you have an account on both machines. TELNET also will provide other functionality as we will see later. Info services from ARCHIE, WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers), GOPHER, etc.
MAIL transfer agents WWW (WorldWideWeb) servers/browsers
Terminal - little local intelligence
Display Keyboard
(Display and) xmit
Application
Terminal
Display Keyboard
Mainframe
NO local processing per se. Only a conduit to the Mainframe.
Application
PC
Here the PC has the program instead of the mainframe! In previously graphic, terminal is a relay.
Remote terminal
Run program remotely Like a long cable to a keyboard at your house Hyperterminal on Windows 95/98 Typically requires a modem Only run command shell, not windows apps. What if you want a terminal access through the internet? Telnet is your answer
Telnet example
telnet cambria@pcs.cnu.edu SunOS 5.6 login: dgame Password:(.) Last login: Tue Jan 25 19:07:04 from cx81733-c.nwptn1 You have new mail. {dgame@cambria:~ } pwd /home/faculty1/dgame {dgame@cambria:~ }exit {dgame@cambria:~ }logout (back on the original machine)
How is telnet organized?
Computer now using Computer to Use
Telnet Client
Internet
Telnet Server
Unix Shell Keyboard Display and xmit Display
Unix Shell Mainframe
Terminal
Lets Probe a Little Deeper!
Quick Review of Ascii
7 bit character code internally or elsewhere the 8th bit is 0 standard char data keyboard input PLUS communications characters be sure to understand HEX notation
0000000 0000001 0001000 0001010 0001101 0010110 0100000 0100001 00 01 08 0A 0D 16 NUL SOH BS LF CR SYN Comm Chars
20 21
SP !
Display Chars
No 8 bit value defined! In binary 0..127 (0000000..1111111)
Focus on the server and shell
Computer now using Computer to Use
Telnet Client
Internet
Telnet Server
Unix Shell
Control Characters in telnet
8 bit values really transmitted Values greater than 127 interpreted differently Any character less than 128 passed directly to the shell Any character greater than 127 is not to be passed through but used to interpret.
(0-127 chars)
(0-255 chars) Telnet server
(holds 128-255)
Unix shell
Control
The basic idea
(not actually fact - see the text for the real story)
Telnet server
mkdirr(245)(OD)
Unix shell
(245) holds r
mkdir(OD)
Control
Data intended for the receiving program is passed through. The control character (245) tells the server to delete the previous character before passing the character to the shell.
General Interaction
Telnet:
Internet Telnet Client Appl or shell
Telnet Server
Most Often:
Internet Client Server
Another View!
Types ls.. gets directory USER Telnet Client Unix Shell Telnet Server
Additional layering
of application on top of standard applications such as telnet, ftp, etc.
ftp
Commands ftp Client Internet
ftp Server
Files
Telnet distinguishes data from commands by code value. Ftp distinguishes data from commands by channel.
FTP
A program for copying files from one machine to another Lets you do a FEW unix-type commands in the command-line version
FTP
connect request login CLIENT login request file send file logoff SERVER
General Exchange of Messages
Sample client interaction w/ftp
{dgame@cambria} ftp ftp.pcs.cnu.edu Connected to ftp.pcs.cnu.edu. 220 america3 FTP server (UNIX(r) System V Release 4.0) ready. Name (ftp.pcs.cnu.edu:dgame): anonymous 331 Guest login ok, send ident as password. Password: (your id) 230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply. ftp> cd pub/dgame/335 250 CWD command successful. ftp> binary 200 Type set to I. ftp> mget * mget AaronsFavCar.bmp? y 200 PORT command successful. 150 Binary data connection for AaronsFavCar.bmp (137.155.2.17,33136) (177562 bytes). 226 Binary Transfer complete. local: AaronsFavCar.bmp remote: AaronsFavCar.bmp 32768 bytes received in 0.017 seconds (1880.25 Kbytes/s) ftp> bye 221 Goodbye. {dgame@cambria}
Client to Server
Server to Client
Commands to use
Table 8.3 Not like a shell, but a few of the commands
cd close pwd lcd (change on the client side!) binary get put mget prompt
Archie
FTP provides a unix-look directory which you navigate, ls, and copy/send files If you have trouble managing your own account, how much trouble do you have locating information when the entire FTP world is your directory? Database server containing information on the contents of FTP sites around the world Being replaced with good WWW search engines which envelope ftp sites.
Other Client Servers
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
More than meets the eye Server can also be a client (same process)
WWW (World-Wide Web)
(more to come)
SMTP
SERVER mail.pcs.cnu.edu SMTP SERVER mail.uva.edu POP or IMAP
POP or IMAP
pine
Whatever client the user chooses
Here a local server and remote server in addition to a remote and local client. For SMTP, the servers also function as clients depending on which server makes the request. See Figure 8.7
General Issues at Application Layer
Timing of interaction (Time Sequence Diagrams) Types of problems encountered How does one approach programming one of them?
HORIZONTAL communication between Client and Server
Consider the timing of the interaction This is a TIME-SEQUENCE DIAGRAM.
CLIENT Send Wait SERVER
Receive
1 GetAnswer 2
1. SERVER waits 2. SERVER works 3. CLIENT waits 3 4. CLIENT works
Send
Process Answer
TIME
TIME
Problems which can occur
Messages are lost Message are altered Messages arrive out of order Client and Server are not synchronized for each other. Client does not have room for the answer. Client can not wait any longer for the answer. Server machine may not be turned on Connection between the two machines may not be functioning
How do you write programs to interact over a network?
Although you may not actually write the code, youll learn how in this course. Different ways. (ignore the text, middle p. 483)
Ad hoc... you do all of the work Use libraries socket libraries for tcp/ip based communication RPC (Remote Procedure Calls) are a little more involved than using a library of procedures but that model is sufficient for now We will cover DOS (ad hoc) and Unix (sockets)
In ALL cases, messages are exchanged
