Introduction to Excel

Worksheet Basics

Worksheets
Excels main

screen is called a worksheet.

Each worksheet is

comprised of many boxes, called cells.

Organize Information
You can organize

information by typing a single piece of data into each cell. (see next slides)

How to Enter Information

Selecting a Cell
Select a cell by

clicking on it once (dont double click).

You can move

from cell to cell with the arrow keys or by pressing the Enter key.
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Entering Information / The Formula Bar

To enter information in

a cell, just start typing.

When you are done

either
Press the Enter Key Press an arrow key Click on the check

button (only visible when entering data into a cell)

The information in the

selected cell is also displayed in the formula bar above the worksheet.
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Double Click to Modify a Cell

To modify the

contents of a cell double click on the cell. Then use the right, left arrow keys and the Insert and Delete keys to modify the data. When you are done:
Press the Enter key

Double click to change hi there to hello there

or Click on the check box.

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Names of Rows, Columns and Cells

Column Names (letters) & Row Names (numbers)

The columns of

the worksheet are named with letters The rows are named with numbers
Selected Cell

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Cell Names (ex. B4)

The name of a cell is a combination of the Letter Of The Column that the cell is in followed by the Number Of The Row that the cell is in. Example: the selected cell in the picture is named B4 (NOT 4B)

Name Box

Selected Cell

Excel automatically shows the the name of the currently selected cell in the name box (located above the worksheet).
The letter must come first (i.e. B4, NOT 4B) and there may NOT be any spaces between the letter and the number. We will learn later why it is important to understand how to name cells.

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Longggggggg Data

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Information that is too wide for a cell

The word Name is in cell

A5 The words Hours Worked are in cell B5 (NOT in cell C5). However, since the information is too wide for cell B5, it looks like it extends into cell C5. You can determine that the information is really only IN cell B5 by selecting cell B5 and looking at the formula bar and then selecting cell C5 and looking at the formula bar.
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Hours Worked is in cell B5 (look at formula bar)

Hours Worked is NOT in cell C5 (formula bar is empty)

 If there is

Information that is Choppedthe Off You can see

complete data by selecting the cell and looking in the formula bar.

information in the cell to the right, then the original cell still contains all of the data, but the data appears to be chopped off.

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Change the Width of a Column or the Height of a Row

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Make a column wider

To make Column B wider,

Drag column separator to the right

point the cursor to the column separator between columns B and column C. The cursor changes to a Double headed arrow. Now, click the left mouse button and without letting go of the button, drag the separator to the right to make the column wider
(or to the left to make the column narrower).
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Column is now wider

Getting the Exact Width

To get the exact width,
Double click here

double click on the separator instead of dragging it.

Column is now EXACTLY the correct width

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Resizing a Row
Make a row

taller or shorter by dragging the separator between the rows.

Row is now taller

Click and

drag here to resize row 5.

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Putting an Enter inside a cell

To add a new line
Step 1: Originally Hours Worked is on one line.

inside a cell
Double click inside

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the cell where you want the new line. Press Ctrl-Enter (i.e. hold down the Ctrl key and press Enter while still holding down Ctrl). When you are done editing, press Enter (without holding down Ctrl) to accept the changes.

Step 2: Double click to edit cell and then press Ctrl-Enter

Step 3: Press Enter (without Ctrl) to accept the changes.

Basic Formatting (e.g. bold, colors, fonts, etc)

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Formatting Cells
Select one or more cells and then click on any of the formatting buttons

(see below) to change the formatting of the selected cells. Formatting buttons: show fewer decimal points (ex.
10.507 is displayed as 10.51)

These change the way numbers are displayed in cells. (these dont affect words).

show more decimal points (ex. 10.507 is displayed as 10.5070) indent within cell put border around cell(s) color of cell color of text in cell

center font name font size left justify right justify

bold italics
click on downward pointing arrows for other font names and sizes

center & merge cells (will explain later)

remove indent
show with commas (e.g. 12345 becomes 12,345) click on downward pointing arrows for other colors and border styles

underline

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show as percent (ex. 0.5 becomes 50%) show as currency (ex. 1000.507 becomes $1000.50)

Example unformatted worksheet

Unformatted worksheet see next slide for

formatting.

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Example making cells bold

Click on cell A1 and drag to cell A3. Then press the Bold button to make cells A1,A2,A3 bold. You could also press the font or background color buttons to change

the color or apply any other formatting you like (this is not shown below).

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Other Ways of Selecting More Than One Cell

To select a large range of cells, click on the upper

left cell in the range. Then hold the shift key and click on the lower right cell in the range. You can select different non-contiguous areas of cells by holding down the Ctrl key while clicking and dragging.

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Selecting Non-Contiguous Ranges

Click and

drag to select the first range.

Ctrl-click

and drag to select additional ranges

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(This cell is also selected even though it appears white).

Selecting entire Rows, entire Columns or all cells on the worksheet.

To select an entire column, click on the letter for

the column header. To select several columns, click on the header for the first column and drag to the right. To select an entire row, click on the number for the row header. To select several rows, click on the header for the first row and drag down. To select all of the cells on the spreadsheet, click on the upper left hand corner of the spreadsheet (where the column headers meet the row headers)
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Select Entire Columns/Rows/Worksheet

To select ENTIRE COLUMN B
click on B column header

To select ENTIRE ROW 2

click on 2 row header

Click

Click

To select ROWS 2,3 and 5,6,7 To select COLUMNS B,C,D

click on B column header and drag to right

click on 2 row header, drag down, then Ctrl-Click on 5 row header and drag down

Click

drag

Click and drag down then Ctrl-Click and drag down

To select COLUMNS B,C and F,G,H

click on B column header, drag to right,

then Ctrl-Click on F column header and drag right CtrlClick Click drag drag

To select ENTIRE WORKSHEET

click on select worksheet button (in Click corner between 1 and A buttons)

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Example - continued

Step 1: Click on row header for row 5 Step 2: Ctrl-click on row-header for row 11

Step 3: Press Bold button or type ctrl-b

Note: After being bolded, the word Employee is now too wide for the column, so make the column wider if necessary (this step is not 28 shown).

More Advanced Formatting

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Format Cells

Using the formatting buttons only

give you a limited amount of formatting ability. For more formatting ability, select one or more cells and right click on the selection. Then choose format cells from the popup menu. Choose options from the Number, Alignment, Font, Border and Patterns tabs and press OK to change the way your information looks on the screen. The Protection tab is used to lock cells so that their contents cant be modified. We will not go into the details of using the format cells dialog box 30 this time but you should be at able to figure out most of it by

Formatting changes how things LOOK, not how they WORK.

NOTE: you will probably not understand this slide

until after you learn about Excel Formulas. Formulas are covered later in this presentation. When you change the format of a cell, Excel still remembers the original value. Excel will use the un-formatted value when calculating formula values. Example: if you change numbers to appear with fewer decimal points the original number with all of its decimal points are used in calculations.
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Formulas
The bread and butter of Excel

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Excel Formulas
You must have an equals sign ( = ) as the first

character in a cell that contains a formula. The = sign tells excel that the contents of the cell is a formula Without the = sign, the formula will not calculate anything. It will simply display the text of the formula.

33

Formulas - correct
formula with = sign After pressing ENTER

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Missing = sign
Missing = sign! Before pressing enter After pressing ENTER (no change - not a function)

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Types of operations
You can use any of the following operations in a

formula: operation

symbol

example
=a1+3 =100-b3 =a1*b1 =d1/100 =a2^2 =-a2+3

addition: + subtraction: multiplication: * division: / exponentiation ^ negation (same symbol as subraction)

36

Explicit (literal) values and cell references

You can use both explicit values and cell

references in a formula An explicit value is also called a literal value

Formula with only cell references: Formula with only literal values:

=a1*b1 =100/27

Formula with both cell references and literal values:

=a1/100

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Errors in Formulas

38

Common Errors
The following are some errors that may appear in a spreadsheet (there

are others too).

####### Cell is too narrow to display the results of the formula. To fix this simply make the column wider and the real value will be displayed instead of the ###### signs. Note that even when the ###### signs are being displayed, Excel still uses the real value to calculate formulas that reference this cell. #NAME? You used a cell reference in the formula that is not formed correctly (e.g. =BB+10 instead of =B3+10) #VALUE! Usually the result of trying to do math with a textual value. Example: =A1*3 where A1 contains the word hello #DIV/0! Trying to divide by zero. Example: =3/A1 where A1 contains 0 (zero) Circular Reference Using a formula that contains a reference to the cell that the formula lives in. Example: putting the formula =A1+1 in cell A1 or putting the formula =SUM(A1:B2) in any of the cells A1, B1, A2, B2

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Order of Operations

40

Complex formulas
You can use several operations in one

function You can group those operations with parentheses

Examples

=3*2+1

=c1*(a1+b1)
=(100*a2-10)+(200*b3-20)+30
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=(3+2*(50/b3+3)/7)*(3+b7)

Order of operations
When using several operations in one formula,

Excel follows the order of operations for math.

first: second: third:

all parentheses - innermost first exponents (^) all multiplication (*) and division (/). these starting with the leftmost * or / and work to the right. all addition (+) and subtraction (-). these starting with the leftmost + or

Do

fourth:

Do 42

and work to the right.

Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

The sentence "Please excuse my dear aunt Sally"

is a popular mneumonic to remember the order of operations: Menumonic

Please Excuse My Dear

Meaning
parentheses exponents mulitplication and division (going left to right) addition and subtraction (going left to right)

Aunt Sally

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Order of operations
The value of

3+2*5 is 13 NOT 25!

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Order of operations
3 + (100 - 20) / 10 - 6 * 2 / 4 + 9 3 + 80 / 10 - 6 * 2 / 4 + 9 3+ 8 - 6 * 2 / 4 + 9 3 + 8 - 12 / 4 + 9 3+8 - 3 + 9 11 - 3 + 9 8+9

45

answer:

17

Cntrl-`
To see the formulas in the worksheet
Press the Cntrl key at the same time as you press

the ` key (i.e. Cntrl-`) Press Cntrl-` again to see the values

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Functions

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What is a function?
A function is a "named operation"

Functions have
a name parentheses parameters/arguments inside the parentheses The words parameter and argument mean the same thing you can have many parameters for one function separated with commas (,) The number of parameters is one more than the number of commas.

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The SUM function

Examples

Function
=SUM(1,2,3,4,5) 15

Result

=SUM(a1,b1,c1)
=SUM(9,a1,b2,5,c1)

a1+b1+c1
9+a1+b2+5+c1

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Terminology SUM(1,2,3,4,5)
The name of the function is "SUM" The parameters or arguments to this function are 1,2,3,4

and 5
The entire thing, i.e. SUM(1,2,3,4,5), is a function call The value of this function call is 15.

Another way to say this is that this function call returns 15.

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Ranges (e.g. a1:c3)

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Ranges
A rectangular box of cells is called a range. The name of a range is the name of the upper left cell of the range Followed by a colon : Followed by the lower right cell of the range Example: A1:B2 is shorthand for A1,A2,B1,B2 See next slide for more examples

A1:B2

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Examples of Range Names

Examples
C3:E10

B2:B5

B3:E3

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Using a range as a parameter

Ranges can be specified as a parameters to a

function call. Both of the following function calls produce the same result as =a1+b1+c1+a2+b2+c2+a3+b3+c3+a4+b4+c4 however the 2nd version uses a range and is much shorter.
without a range =SUM(a1,b1,c1,a2,b2,c2,a3,b3,c3,a4,b4,c4)

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with a range

Function calls with multiple parameters

You can include multiple ranges and cells as

parameters
Example: the following function call has 3

parameters. There are two ranges (a1:b2 and c4:c7), one number (100) and one cell reference (d3) =SUM(a1:b2,100,c4:c7,d3) Is the same as:
55

=SUM(a1,a2,b1,b2,100,c4,c5,c6,c7,d3)

Other Functions

56

Other functions
Click the function button to see the available

functions:
Function buton brings up the function dialog box (see next slide)

57

Warning: this slide was created using Excel 2000. The dialog box in later versions of Excel looks a little different, but it has the same functionality.

Function dialog
Functions for the selected category

box

categories (i.e. groups of functions)

Description of currently selected function

58

Function Editor
Double click on the function name to get a dialog

box that helps you enter values for the parameters of the function. (see next slide)

59

Function Editor Put values for the parameters in

the edit boxes.

When you press OK, this will create the function call: AVERAGE(2,a1:c2,f13)

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Example
AVERAGE

formula that contains a function

=AVERAGE(2,4,10,4) =AVERAGE(a1,f32) =AVERAGE(a1:c1) =AVERAGE(a1:c1,10)

value
5 (a1+f32) / 2 (a1+b1+c1) / 3 (a1+b1+c1+10) / 4

61

Combining Functions and other values in a single formula

62

Functions and other values

You can combine functions, cell references and

literal values to make a complex Excel formula Examples

=3 + b23 * SUM(d20:g20) =SUM(a1,100) * AVERAGE(d10:j10) =100 / ( AVERAGE(b2,c2,d30) + AVERAGE(f1:f20) )

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Other Types of Cell References

References to entire ROWs References to entire COLUMNs References to cells or ranges on other worksheets (i.e. tabs)

64

Entire Rows (e.g. 2:2 or 2:4)

A cell reference of the form <rowName>:<rowName> refers to

the range of all the cells for those rows.

Example: The reference, 2:2, refers to all of the cells on the 2nd row. The following formula adds up all of the values on the 2nd and 4th rows of the spreadsheet:
=sum(2:2,4:4)

Another Example: The reference, 2:4, refers to all of the cells on the 2nd , 3rd and 4th rows,. The following formula adds up all of the values on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th , 10th, 11th , 12th, 13th, 14th and 15th rows of the spreadsheet:
65

=sum(2:4,10:15)

Entire Columns (e.g. B:B or B:D)

A cell reference of the form <colName>:<colName> refers to

the range of all the cells for those columns.

Example: The reference, B:B, refers to all of the cells in the 2nd column. The following formula adds up all of the values in the 2nd and 4th columns of the spreadsheet:
=sum(B:B,D:D)

Another Example: The reference, B:D, refers to all of the cells in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th columns. The following formula adds up all of the values in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th and 7th columns of the spreadsheet:
66

=sum(B:D,F:G)

References to cells on other worksheets

Cell on another sheet: sheetName!cellReference Range on another sheet: sheetName!range Row on another sheet: sheetName!row:row Column on another sheet: sheetName!column:column

If a sheet name has a space in it, you must

surround the sheet name with apostrophes (i.e. single quotes)

Examples
sheet2!a1 sheet2!b4:c8 '2002 Forecasts'!f3:f10 =sum('2002 Forecasts'!f3:f10)

67

More examples
Add up values from 2 different sheets

=sum ( 'great stocks'!b2:c4, 'so so stocks'!b2:c4)

This next one is a little confusing

=sum (a1,a!a1,b1:b4,b1!b4,c!c:c)
Explanation
a1 a!a1 sheet b1:b4 b1!b4 "b1" sheet c!c:c this is a cell reference on the current sheet "a" is the name of sheet. "a1" is a cell on the "a"
this is a range on the current sheet "b1" is the name of a sheet. "b4" is a cell on the c" is the name of a sheet. c:c" is all of the cells

68

Absolute and Relative Cell References

69

Absolute and Relative Cell References

By default, when you copy a formula that contains

a cell reference, excel will automatically adjust the cell reference.

You can stop Excel from automatically adjusting

the cell reference by using one or more dollar signs ($) in the cell reference. These are called absolute cell references.
A cell reference without a dollar sign is a relative

cell reference.
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Examples
The following all refer to the same cell
d9 $d$9 $d9 d$9

The only difference between these cell references

relates to what happens when you copy a formula that contains the cell reference.

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Relative Cell Reference

d9

This is a "relative cell

reference".
Changing the column: If I copy this cell reference to

another cell:
the "d" will increment one letter for every cell that I move

over to the right. The "d" will decrement one letter for every cell that I move over to the left

Changing the row: If I copy this cell reference to

another cell:
the "9" will increment by one for every cell that I move

down. The "9" will decrement by one for every cell that I move up
72

Absolute cell reference

$d$9

This is an absolute cell

reference.
If I copy a formula with this cell reference, the cell

reference will NOT change AT ALL.

73

Mixed References
$d9 and d$9

These are "Mixed" cell

references:
$d9
The "d" will stay the same when you copy the cell,

but the "9" will change.

d$9
The "d" will change when you copy the cell, but the

"9" will stay the same.

74

Data Types

75

 Numeric

Data Typesnumber values: any

+ * / ^ sum( ), average( ), max( ), min( ) etc. %

operators: sample functions:

Text (AKA Character or String)

values:

Any group of letters or numbers or special characters. Prefix value in cell with an apostrophe ( ' ) to force a text

value operators: sample functions:

Dates
values:

& (concatenation) right( ), left(), mid(), lower(), upper(), len(), etc

operators: sample functions:

dates and times N/A now( ), today( ), hour(), minute(), etc.

Logical (AKA boolean)

values:
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Operators:

true <

false >

<>

<=

>=

Data Types for Values in Cells

By default:
a cell that contains a number is treated as numeric

data a cell that contains a date is treated as date data (we'll see more about this later) a cell that contains data which is not numeric and not a date is treated as "text"

77

Text Data

78

Text / String / Character

The following three terms all used to refer to "text"

data. All three terms mean the same thing.

text data string data

character data

This presentation will generally use the term "text

data" but you should be familiar with the terms "string data" and "character data"
79

Text data
Text data is used to store general purpose text

(e.g. names, places, descriptions, etc)

You can't do "math" with text values (obviously)

80

Text isn't part of numerical calculations (obviously)

Formula to add up all numbers in column C

formula view (press Cntrl-`)

(Same Spreadsheet)

values view (press Cntrl-`)

Text data in C1 is not included in the Sum
81

Text Functions

82

Text Functions
Many functions are used to manipulate text

values. The following are only some of them

right( ) left( ) mid( ) concatenate( ) lower( ) upper( ) len( )

83

RIGHT, LEFT and MID functions

84

RIGHT function
The RIGHT function is used to isolate a specific

number of characters from the right hand side of a text value. (example on next slide)

85

RIGHT ( <text>, <numCharacters>)

Formula View

Values View

86

RIGHT numCharacters is optional

The <numCharacters> parameter in the RIGHT function

is optional. If you dont specify it the default is 1 (one).

Formula View

Values View
87

These produce the same results.

LEFT
The LEFT function is the same as the RIGHT

function, but it returns characters from the LEFT side of the value.

88

MID ( <text>, <startPosition> , <numCharacters>)

MID is used to get values from the middle of

some text.
MID takes 3 parameters:
The original text The position to start taking the new value from The number of characters to take for the new value

Example on next slide

89

Example: MID ( <text>, <startPosition> , <numCharacters>)

This example extracts the second through the

fourth characters from the original text value:

Formula View

Values View

90

Concatenation ( & ) and CONCATENATE function

91

Concatenation (&)
Use & to combine (or concatenate) two different text values

Formula View

Values View
Notice that there is no space between the two values

92

Concatenate many values

You may concatenate many values together

Formula View

Values View

93

Concatenation with "literal" values

You can also concatenate "literal" values.

You must include the literal values inside quotes

For example to display spaces in the "full name"

in the previous example you could use the following formula. Each space that you want to display must be included in quotes. =A2&" "&B2&" "&C2

(Don't forget any of the &'s )

See next slide ...
94

Concatenating spaces - Example

You can concatenate spaces into a formula

Formula View

Values View

values contain spaces

95

LEFT( ) with results of different function calls & in same formula You can combine the
with concatenation.
Formula View

Values View

96

Putting itwe concatenate periods into the initials. all together In this example
Formula View

Values View

The initials now contain periods

97

CONCATENATE Function
You can use the CONCATENATE function instead

of the ampersand (&). The following formulas are equivalent:

=A1&B1&C1 =CONCATENATE(A1,B1,C1)
The CONCATENATE function can take as many

parameters as you like.

98

More Text Functions: LOWER UPPER LEN

99

LOWER ( <textValue> ) UPPER ( <textValue> )

LOWER converts text to lower case.

UPPER converts text to upper case.

Example:

Formula View

Values View

100

LEN ( <textValue> )
LEN returns a numeric value equal to the number

of character in a text value (i.e. the length of the text value). Spaces ARE included in the length. Example

Formula View

101

Values View

Dates and Times

102

How Excel Stores Dates

Dates are stored in Excel as the number of days since Dec

31, 1899 for that date. (ex. Jan 1, 1900 is stored as the number 1). To see this, type a date in a cell and then press Ctrl-` to see the formulas view. Example
Values View

Dates become numbers in formulas view

Formulas View
103

Times and Dates in the same Cell

A cell can contain both a date and a time.

The value of both the date and the time is stored internally as a single

decimal number.
The whole number portion represents the DATE and is the number of

days since Dec. 31, 1899

The decimal part represents the TIME and is the fraction of the day that

has elapsed.
Examples:
Jan 1, 1900 at 12AM is 1.0 (i.e. 1 day since Dec 31, 1899 and 0 percent of the

day elapsed so far)

Jan 1, 1900 at 12PM is 1.5 (i.e. 0.5 of the day elapsed) Jan 2, 1900 at 12PM is 2.5 (i.e. 2 days since Dec. 31, 1899)

104
Feb 1, 1900 at 1:05 PM is 32.5451388888889 (i.e. 32 days since Dec 31,

Times and Dates - Example

Values View

Formulas View

105

Date Arithmetic
You can do arithmetic with dates. Add and subtract days by adding and subtracting

whole numbers. Add and subtract times by adding and subtracting fractional values.
Examples
=A1+7 =A1-5*7 =A1- (1/24) =A1+ (3/24) =A1+2.5 =A1-A2+1
106

(one week after the date in A1) (5 weeks before the date in A1) (one hour before the time specified in A1) (three hours after the time specified in A1) (two and a half days after the time specified in A1) (the # of days between the date in A1 and the date in A2)

Formatting cells with Dates and Times

Right click on the cell and

choose Format Cells From the Category list in the Number tab either
Choose Date, Time or

Custom and choose an appropriate looking format OR

If you choose General or

107

Number, the internal number for the Date/Time will be displayed in the spreadsheet even in the values view.

Logical (AKA boolean) values

108

TRUE and FALSE

A logical value can be one of only two values

TRUE

or
FALSE

109

TRUE
The following statements are TRUE:
Fish live in water. Deer live on land.

The following statements are also TRUE:

3 is greater than 2 2 is less than 3 2 is less than or equal to 3 2 is less than or equal to 2 3 is greater than or equal to 2 3 is greater than or equal to 3 2 is equal to 2 2 is not equal to 3

110

FALSE
The following statements are FALSE:

Fish live on land. Deer live in water.

The following statements are also FALSE:

111

2 is greater than 3 3 is less than 2 3 is less than or equal to 2 2 is greater than or equal to 3 2 is equal to 3 2 is not equal to 2

Logical operators
In Excel the following "operators" are used

Operator Meaning > greater than < less than >= greater than or equal to <= less than or equal to = equal to <> not equal to
Examples
3>2 3<2 true false

112

Logical Formulas
Formula View Values View

113

Same formulas, different values

Formula View Values View

114

IF Function

115

Parameters for IF function

116

IF function
Formula View Values View

117

IF with a numeric result

118

IF with a numerical result

Formula View Values View

119

AND
OR NOT

120

AND
The following is TRUE

Fish live in water AND deer live on land.

The following are all FALSE

Fish live in water AND deer live in water. Fish live on land AND deer live on land. Fish live on land AND deer live in water.

121

AND function

122

AND

Formula View

Values View

123

IF with AND - nested function calls

You can use an AND inside of an IF.

This is called a NESTED FUNCTION CALL

Example

=IF( AND (A2>A3,B2<>B3) , 500, 1000)

AND is "nested" inside of the IF

124

These parentheses "belong to" the if

IF with AND - parameters

Parameters for IF function:

125

IF with AND - spreadsheet views

Formula View Values View

126

AND function
Takes any number of parameters

Returns TRUE if ALL of the parameters evaluate

to TRUE otherwise returns FALSE.

127

OR and NOT functions

128

OR
Takes any number of parameters

Returns TRUE if ANY of the parameters evaluate

to TRUE otherwise returns FALSE

129

NOT
Takes ONLY ONE parameter

Returns the "opposite" of the value of the

parameter
returns FALSE if the parameter value is TRUE returns TRUE if the parameter value is FALSE

130

Examples of Complex Nested Function Calls

=IF(AND(A2>A3, OR(B2=B3,C2<C3)), 500, 1000)

=IF(NOT(AND(A2>A3, OR(B2=B3,C2<C3))), 500,

1000)

=IF(AND(A2>A3, NOT(OR(B2=B3,C2<C3))), 500,

1000)
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Other Logical Functions: ISBLANK

132

ISBLANK( <value> )
ISBLANK returns TRUE if the value is blank and false

otherwise. (see example below)

Formula View

Total will be correct even if quantity is blank (quantity is assumed to be 1 in that case)

Total will be wrong if quantity is blank (since a blank is normally treated as zero)

Values View

blank value

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APPENDICIES

134

Using the mouse to create formulas.

135

Click to choose cell references

Once you type the equal sign (=) you can click

with your mouse to enter cell references into a formula.

Now you can click with your mouse to enter cell references.

Example on following slides

136

Example: click to get cell reference

Type a number in cell A1 Type a plus sign (+) sign

and the dashed line around cell A1 disappears.

type an equal sign (=) in B1 You can continue to fill out

the rest of the formula now:

Click on cell A1. You will see

137

a dashed line around cell A1 and the text A1 (without the quotes) will be entered into the formula in B1. The dashed line indicates that this is the cell reference being entered.

Press ENTER to get the

result:

Example: changing the cell reference

Type numbers in cells A1 and
Click cell B1. The dashed line moves to

B1

cell B1 and the text in cell C1 changes to B1. You can keep clicking on different cells until you click on the right one.

Type an equal sign (=) in C1

Type a plus sign (+) sign. The dashed

line around cell B1 disappears.

Click on cell A1. You will see a

dashed line around cell A1 and the text A1 (without the quotes) will be entered into the formula in C1. The dashed line indicates that this is the cell reference being entered.
138

If you click on another cell now, a new

cell reference will be entered.

You can continue to fill out the rest of

the formula now

Use mouse to enter other types of cell references.

Cell ranges:
Click and drag on a cell to enter a cell range reference

Cells on a different worksheet

Click on a cell on another worksheet to enter a

reference from a different worksheet. Be sure to type the next symbol in the formula (e.g. a plus sign (+) , a comma (,) , etc before you click on the original tab. If you dont then the formula will be incorrect (try it).

139

FORMATTING A CELL AS TEXT

140

Numbers with have to have zeroes displayed at the beginning of a leading zeros Sometimes you desire to

number. For example, US social security numbers are made up of 9 digits. The first few digits may be zeroes. This causes in a problem in Excel. When you type in a number with leading zeroes into a cell, Excel removes the leading zeroes when you press Enter.
EXAMPLE:

If you type the following into a cell (before you press Enter)

When you press Enter you get this:

Leading zeroes are missing

141

Formatting a cell to display as text

To fix this problem you can format the cell to

142

display as text instead of as a number. The value will still be able to be used in calculations but it will be displayed on the screen using the rules for text values instead of the rules to display numbers One of the rules Excel uses to displaying numbers is to remove leading zeroes. However, if a number displayed as "text" data then Excel WILL display leading zeros. See next slide for instructions on how to do this

Opening the "Format cells" dialog box

Select the cell or cells that you want to format

as text. Right click on the selected cell(s) and choose the following from the popup menu format cells
or click on a cell and choose the following menu choice format | cells
Then you will see the "Format Cells" dialog

143

box.

"Format Cells" dialog box

Choose

"Text" from the "Number" tab and press the OK button.

144

Not a Perfect Solution

When you format the cell as text it will display

the leading zeroes (you must type them in again). However, Excel will warn you that a number is formatted as text. (see next slide)

145

Result of Formatting a Number as Text

Excel indicates this issue

with a green triangle in the upper left hand corner of the cell:

If you select the cell you

can see the error message.

You can have Excel to

ignore this type of error by choosing the Tools | Options menu choice and unchecking the Number stored as text option from 146 Error Checking tab. the (this solution is not shown

Another Option using an Apostrophe ()

147

Force a Cell to Display as Text by Using an Apostrophe (')

Another way to display leading zeroes in a

number is to type an apostrophe as the first character in the cell. When you press Enter, the apostrophe is NOT displayed in the cell (it is displayed in the formula bar). The apostrophe tells Excel that the contents of the cell should be treated as text. The apostrophe is similar to the = sign.
The = sign tells Excel that the cell contains a
148

formula. The apostrophe () tells Excel that the cell contains

Results of Using an Apostrophe

Type an apostrophe

followed by the SSN. Before pressing Enter you can see the apostrophe. After pressing Enter you cant see the apostrophe anymore and leading zeroes remain. However, Excel will warn you that a number is formatted as 149 text via the green

Ignoring numbers in calculations

150

Ignoring numbers in calculations

Typing an apostrophe () as the first character in a

cell with a number has the additional effect of causing the number to be ignored in calculations.
NOTE: This does not happen when you format

the cell that contains a number to display as text.

151

Ignoring numbers in calculations.

By default, all numbers are included in

numeric calculations. However, you can force a cell that contains a number to be treated as text and not be included in calculations with numeric functions
(ex. SUM, AVERAGE, etc.) by placing

an apostrophe as the first character in the cell

152

Example
Formula to add up all numbers in column D

formula view (press Cntrl-`)

(Same Spreadsheet)

values view (press Cntrl-`)

The Year is incorrectly included in the sum.
153

Example - continued To fix the problem you can This will force
add an apostrophe (') before the data for the year (no space necessary after the apostrophe). the number to be treated as text (see next slide).

NOTE: When you stop editing the cell, the apostrophe will NOT be visible in the spreadsheet. However, it will be visible in the formula bar.

154

Example - finished
The number for the year is now treated as text and is not included in the sum. The apostrophe in not visible in the spreadsheet (unless you're editing the cell). The apostrophe IS visible in the formula bar.

155

The End
Slides after this one are in progress you can ignore them

156

TODO

- Finish editing the following slides

- Move apostrophe stuff to the appendix

157

Nested IF Functions
TODO: add slides for nested IFs

158

Entering values in multiple sheets at once.

159

Cell Names

160

Cell Names
Insert | Name | Create

161

PROTECTING A WORKSHEET / WORKBOOK

162

Advanced Formatting

163

TODO: fill out this section

TODO: fill out this section
Using format cells dialog box Conditional Formatting Data validation

164