Basic Concepts of Networking

Basic Concepts of Networking

• 1.
  Basic Concepts ofNetworking
• 2.
  Network • A networkconsists of 2 or more computers connected together, and they can communicate and share resources (e.g. information) Types of Network • LAN – Local Area Network is a small geographical area such as our college board. • MAN – Metropolitan Area Network is a network over a larger geographical area such as provincial government. • WAN – Wide Area Network is a network used over an extremely large geographical area such as the federal government.
• 3.
  Basic Hardware Components •Network Interface Card • Transmission Media • Repeaters and hubs • Bridges • Switches • Routers • Firewalls
• 4.
  Network Interface controller •A network card, network adapter, or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to physically access a networking medium. It provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses. Types of Network Interface card 1.Ethernet – 10Mbps 2.Fast Ethernet – 100Mbps 3.Gigabit Ethernet – 1000Mbps
• 5.
  Fundamental Components ofNIC • ROM - Read Only Memory BIOS program MAC address – Media Access control address a)It is Unique address b)Placed in NAC ROM c)It is called as BIA –Burn in address d)Not changeable e)Physical address/hardware address f)48 bit address,Hexadecimal value
• 6.
  • Boot PROM a)Itis used to to boot from network ‘RIS’ in windows,’KICKSTART’ in linux • Transceiver a)Generate the frequency • Data and address latches a)Temporary storage area • RJ45 port a)Connection
• 7.
  Transmission media • Theterm transmission medium refers to a technical device that employs the material substance to transmit or guide waves. Thus, an optical fiber or a copper cable is a transmission medium. Two types of transmission media 1. Wired (or guided) - Waves are guided along a solid medium such as a transmission line. 2. Wireless (or unguided) - Transmission and reception are achieved by means of an antenna. Wired Twisted- Pair cables Coaxial cables Fiber-optic cables Wireless Ground level Radio waves Sky Satellite Line of site Infra Red
• 8.
  Guided communication Twisted-pair cables •Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors (the forward and return conductors of a single circuit) are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources If the pair of wires are not twisted, electromagnetic noises from, e.g., motors, will affect the closer wire more than the further one, thereby causing errors
• 9.
  Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) •Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover (for mechanical protection) A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs of wires MetalInsulator
• 10.
  Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) •STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there is a metal foil or braided-metal-mesh cover that encases each pair of insulated wires
• 11.
  Crimping • Crimping isjoining two pieces of metal or other malleable material by deforming one or both of them to hold the other. The bend or deformity is called the crimp. Types a)Cross over : used to interconnect same type of components Eg: PC to PC,router to router,switch to switch b)Straight:Different type of components Eg:HUB to PC, Switch to PC, Router to HUB, Router to switch. c)Rollover:It is used to connect components of one from with another form
• 12.
  HUB/Switch devices It isused to connect more than 2 devices HUB • it is a single broadcast domain • Amplify and transmit • Shared bandwidth • Single collision domain • HUB have a collision LED Switch • Individual bandwidth • Individual collision domain • It has a MAC table • Does not have collision LED • Speed • Signal sending depend upon MAC
• 13.
  Router • It isused to select the best path and interconnect the network
• 14.
  Basic terminology ofnetworking Telnet – Terminal emulation network • Port-23 • It is a connection oriented protocol ARP – Address resolution protocol • It is used to find the MAC address based on the IP address • Syntax : arp –a SNMP – Simple Network Management Protocol • It is used to check the IP that is in communication. • Syntax : netstat : to check the established connection netstat-s : to display the bytes sent to the ‘established connecton’ netstat-a : to display the ‘listening connection’
• 15.
  DHCP • This processis called ‘DORA ‘ • It is used to lease the IP address to the clients for a certain period. • If the client is in contact with the DHCP th Ip will be renewed automatically • If not and if the lease period is expired the IP will be blocked.