Basic Introduction to Embedded System.pptx

Embedded System
VI Sem (6EI4-05)
B.Tech.(ElectronicInstrumentation&ControlEngineering)
Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma

Unit-1 : Introduction to Embedded System
1. Embedded system
2. Processor in the system
3. Hardware and software components
4. System-on chip

1. Embedded System
Embedded system is a computational system that is developed based on an
integration of both hardware and software in order to perform a given task. It can be
said as a dedicated computer system has been developed for some particular reason.
But it is not traditional computer system or general-purpose computers, these are the
Embedded systems that may work independently or attached to a larger system to
work on a few specific functions. These embedded systems can work without human
intervention or with little human intervention.
Embedded systems are specialized computing systems designed to perform
dedicated functions or tasks within larger mechanical or electrical systems. Unlike
general-purpose computers, embedded systems are typically designed with specific
requirements and constraints in mind, including real-time performance, limited
power consumption, and specific form factors. They are integral to many modern
technologies, providing essential functionality and control in various applications.

Components of Embedded Systems
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Firmware

How does an Embedded System Work?
Embedded systems operate from the combination of hardware and software that focuses on
certain operations. An embedded system at its heart has microcontroller or microprocessor
hardware on which user writes the code in form of software for control of the system.
Hardware Layer: Some of the hardware elements that are incorporated in an embedded system
include the sensor, actuator, memory, current I/O interfaces as well as power supply. These
components are interfaced with the micro controller or micro processor depending up on the input
signals accepted.
Input/Output (I/O) Interfaces: They to give the system input in form of data from sensors or inputs
made by the users and the microcontroller processes the data received. The processed data is then
utilized to coordinate the output devices such as displays, motors or communication modules.
Firmware: Firmware which is integrated within a system’s hardware comprises of certain instructions
to accomplish a task. Such software is often used for real time processing and is tuned to work in the
most optimal manner on the system hardware.
Processing: Depending on the given software and the input data received from the system’s inputs
the microcontroller calculates the appropriate output or response and manages the system’s
components.
Real-time Operation: Some of the most common systems are real time, this implies that they have
the ability to process events or inputs at given time. This real time capability makes sure that the
system accomplishes its intended function within stated time demands.

Embedded Programming Languages
 Embedded C
Embedded C + +
Embedded Java
Embedded Python etc.
But it completely rests on the developer which programming language he
selects for the development of the embedded systems.

Characteristics of an Embedded System
•Performs specific task: Embedded systems perform some specific function or tasks.
•Low Cost: The price of an embedded system is not so expensive.
•Time Specific: It performs the tasks within a certain time frame.
•Low Power: Embedded Systems don’t require much power to operate.
•High Efficiency: The efficiency level of embedded systems is so high.
•Minimal User interface: These systems require less user interface and are easy to use.
•Less Human intervention: Embedded systems require no human intervention or very less human intervention.
•Highly Stable: Embedded systems do not change frequently mostly fixed maintaining stability.
•High Reliability: Embedded systems are reliable they perform tasks consistently well.
•Use microprocessors or microcontrollers: Embedded systems use microprocessors or microcontrollers to
design and use limited memory.
•Manufacturable: The majority of embedded systems are compact and affordable to manufacture. They are
based on the size and low complexity of the hardware.

Key Characteristics of Embedded Systems in System Design:
•Dedicated Functionality: Embedded systems are tailored to perform specific tasks or functions,
often with high efficiency and reliability. This contrasts with general-purpose systems that can
run a wide range of applications.
•Real-Time Operation: Many embedded systems operate in real-time, meaning they must
process inputs and produce outputs within strict timing constraints. This is crucial for
applications like automotive control systems, medical devices, and industrial automation.
•Resource Constraints: Embedded systems often operate under stringent resource constraints,
including limited processing power, memory, and energy consumption. Design choices must
optimize these resources to meet the application’s requirements.
•Integration and Miniaturization: Embedded systems are typically integrated into larger
systems, often requiring compact and efficient designs. This necessitates careful consideration of
physical form factors and integration with other system components.
•Reliability and Robustness: High reliability and robustness are critical, especially in applications
where failure can lead to significant consequences, such as in aerospace, healthcare, and
automotive systems.
•Specialized Hardware and Software: The hardware and software in embedded systems are
often highly specialized, tailored to the specific needs of the application. This can include custom
microcontrollers, real-time operating systems (RTOS), and application-specific integrated circuits
(ASICs).

Examples of Embedded Systems
Digital watches
Washing Machine
Toys
Televisions
Digital phones
Laser Printer
Cameras
Industrial machines
Electronic Calculators
Automobiles
Medical Equipment

Application of Embedded System
•Home appliances
•Transportation
•Health care
•Business sector & offices
•Defense sector
•Aerospace
•Agricultural Sector

Advantages
1.High Efficiency and Performance:
1. Optimization: Embedded systems are specifically designed to perform dedicated tasks, allowing for
high levels of optimization in both software and hardware. This leads to increased efficiency and
performance compared to general-purpose systems.
2. Real-Time Processing: Many embedded systems are designed to handle real-time tasks, ensuring that
they can process inputs and produce outputs within strict timing constraints.
2.Low Power Consumption:
2. Energy Efficiency: Embedded systems are often designed with power efficiency in mind, making them
ideal for battery-powered devices and applications where energy consumption is a critical concern.
3. Longer Battery Life: In portable devices, optimized power usage results in longer battery life, which is
crucial for user satisfaction and device usability.
3.Compact Size:
3. Miniaturization: Embedded systems can be designed to be very small, making them suitable for
applications with strict size constraints, such as wearable technology, medical implants, and compact
consumer electronics.
4. Space Efficiency: The compact nature of embedded systems allows for more efficient use of space in
larger systems, enabling the development of more sophisticated and multi-functional devices.

4.Cost-Effectiveness:
4. Reduced Cost: Because embedded systems are designed to perform specific tasks, they can be
produced with fewer components and resources, reducing manufacturing costs.
5. Mass Production: The ability to mass-produce embedded systems for specific applications further
drives down costs, making advanced technology more accessible.
5.Reliability and Stability:
5. Dedicated Functionality: Embedded systems are less likely to encounter the software conflicts and
errors common in general-purpose systems, leading to higher reliability and stability.
6. Long-Term Operation: These systems are often designed for long-term, continuous operation
without the need for frequent maintenance or updates, making them suitable for critical applications.
6.Real-Time Capabilities:
6. Instantaneous Response: Embedded systems are capable of real-time processing, which is essential
for applications like automotive control systems, industrial automation, and medical devices.
7. Consistent Performance: The ability to consistently meet timing requirements ensures reliable
operation in time-sensitive environments.
7.Customization and Flexibility:
7. Tailored Solutions: Designers can tailor embedded systems to meet the specific needs of an
application, optimizing hardware and software for the best performance.
8. Adaptability: Embedded systems can be adapted to various applications and industries, offering
flexibility in their implementation.

Disadvantages of Embedded System
1.Limited Processing Power:
1. Resource Constraints: Embedded systems often have limited processing power, memory,
and storage compared to general-purpose computers. This can restrict the complexity and
functionality of the applications they can run.
2. Performance Bottlenecks: In some high-demand applications, the limited processing power
may lead to performance bottlenecks, slowing down the system or making it less responsive.
2.Limited Flexibility and Upgradability:
2. Fixed Functionality: Once designed and deployed, embedded systems are typically hard to
modify or upgrade. This makes it difficult to add new features or adapt the system to
changing requirements.
3. Hardware Dependence: Many embedded systems are tightly coupled with their hardware,
making upgrades or changes challenging without redesigning the entire system.
3.Development Complexity:
3. Specialized Skills Required: Designing and programming embedded systems often require
specialized knowledge and skills, including an understanding of hardware, low-level
programming, and real-time operating systems.
4. Debugging Challenges: Debugging embedded systems can be more challenging than
general-purpose systems due to their limited interfaces and the need for specialized
debugging tools.

4.Cost of Development:
4. High Initial Costs: The initial development and prototyping of embedded systems can be
expensive due to the need for specialized hardware and software tools.
5. Longer Development Time: Developing embedded systems often takes longer because
of the need for detailed hardware-software integration and extensive testing to ensure
reliability.
5.Scalability Issues:
5. Limited Scalability: Embedded systems designed for specific applications may not scale
well to handle increased loads or additional functionality, requiring a complete redesign
for significant changes.
6. Fixed Resource Allocation: The fixed allocation of resources (CPU, memory, storage) in
embedded systems can limit their scalability and adaptability to new requirements.
6.Maintenance and Support:
6. Difficult Maintenance: Maintaining and updating embedded systems can be difficult,
especially if they are deployed in remote or inaccessible locations.
7. Lack of Standardization: The lack of standardization in embedded systems can make it
hard to find compatible replacement parts or updates, complicating maintenance efforts.

Difference Between Computer and Embedded System
Category Computer Embedded device
Description
A computer is a combination of hardware and
software resources that integrate and provide
various functionalities to the user.
An embedded device is part of an integrated system that is
formed as a combination of computer hardware and
software for a specific function and which can operate
without human interaction.
Human
Interaction
A computer needs Human Interaction to perform
tasks.
Embedded devices do not need Human Interaction to
perform tasks.
Types based on
architecture
Analog computer, Digital computer, Hybrid
computer, Harvard architecture, Von Neumann
architecture, Reduced instruction set computer
Small Scale Embedded Systems, Medium Scale Embedded
Systems, Sophisticated or Complex Embedded Systems
Parts It has 2 parts: Hardware and Software. It has 3 parts: Hardware, Firmware, and Software.
Tasks It can perform many tasks. It performs limited tasks.
Cost to user The user has to pay more for a computer. The user incurs a lesser cost for an embedded system.
Peripherals
Computers have peripherals such as keyboards
and mice, displays, printers, Hard disk drives,
floppy disk drives, optical disc drives, etc.
Embedded Devices have peripherals such as Serial
Communication Interfaces (SCI), Synchronous Serial
Communication Interfaces, Universal Serial Bus (USB),
Multi Media Cards (SD cards, Compact Flash), etc.
Purpose
Computers can be reprogrammed for a new
purpose.
Embedded Devices are made only for a specific set of
purposes.

Power
Consumption
The computer needs more operational power
than Embedded Devices.
An embedded Device needs lesser operational power than
a Computer.
Complexity
Computers are more complex devices than
Embedded Devices.
Embedded Devices are less complex devices than
Computers.
Need of another
device
Computers may be installed in other devices but
are self-sufficient to exist. Embedded Devices only exist inside other Systems.
Usage Difficulty Computers are more Difficult when used,
compared to an Embedded System.
Embedded are easier to use than Computers.
User Interfaces
It requires more user interface than Embedded
Devices.
It requires less to no user interface than Computers.
Time Specificity
Computers are not time-specific. They may need
to perform tasks that are not time-bound and
take days to perform as well.
Embedded Devices are time-specific. The tasks assigned
to them need to be performed within a specific time
frame.
Size
Computers are usually bigger with larger
hardware and input-output devices attached to
them.
Embedded Devices are smaller in size than Computers,
with limited hardware.
Developed in 1833 A.D. 1965 A.D.
Developer Charles Babbage Charles Stark Draper
Memory
Requirement
Computers have larger memory requirements
due to a lot of storage of data.
Embedded Devices need less Memory.

System on Chip (SOC)
SoC stands for System On Chip. It is a small integrated chip that contains all
the required components and circuits of a particular system. The
components of SoC include CPU, GPU, Memory, I/O devices, etc. SoC is used
in various devices such as smartphones, Internet of Things appliances,
tablets, and embedded system applications. In this article, we are going to
see the architecture and architectural features of SoC.

Processor: It is the heart of SoC, usually SoC contains at least one or more than one coprocessor.
It can be a microcontroller, microprocessor, or DSP. Most of the time DSP is used in every SoC as a
processor.
DSP: DSP stands for Digital Signal Processor. It is included in SoC to perform signal processing
operations such as data collection, data processing, etc. it is also used for the purpose of
decoding the images.
Memory: Memory is used in SoC for the purpose of storage. It may be a volatile or non-volatile
memory. Volatile memory includes RAM there are two types of RAM one is SRAM and another is
DRAM. The non-volatile memory includes ROM.
Encoder/Decoder: Used for the purpose of interrupting information and converting it into codes.
Network Interface card: SoC has an internal interface or bus or network to connect all individual
blocks. Basically, the Network interface card provides a connection of the network to the system.
GPU: GPU stands for Graphical Processing Unit, used in SoC to visualize the interface. GPU is
specially designed to speed up the operations related to image calculations. The basic blocks of
the GPU are the Bus interface, Power Management Unit, Video Processing unit, Graphics Memory
Controller, Display interface, etc.
Peripheral devices: Externally connected devices/interfaces such as USB, HDMI, Wi-Fi, and
Bluetooth are included in peripheral devices. This device is used in SoC to perform various
operations.
UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter is included in SoC which is used to transmit
or receive serial data. Voltage regulators, Oscillators, clocks, and ADC/DAC are also part of SoC.

Processor in the system
The processor or CPU is the brain of System. It performs program tasks,
calculates data from input, and manages and coordinates other parts
like memory, devices connected to the computer, and what shows up on
the screen.
An embedded processor is a microprocessor that is designed especially
for handling the needs of an embedded system. It is a class of computer
or computer chip that is embedded in various machines. The article
focus on discussing different types of embedded processor.

What is a Processor in a System?
A processor, also known as a central processing unit (CPU), is the primary
component in a computer that performs most of the processing. It executes
instructions that are stored in memory and perform basic arithmetic, logic,
and input/output operations.
•The processor is the “brain” of the computer and is responsible for carrying
out the instructions of a computer program.
•It reads and interprets the instructions and performs the actions required
by the instructions.
•The processor is an essential component of a computer system, as it
determines the speed and performance of the system.

What is an Embedded Processor?
An embedded processor is a microprocessor that is used in an embedded
system. An embedded system is a computer system that is designed to
perform a specific task within a larger system. It is a self-contained system
that is embedded within a larger device or system and is used to control the
operation of the device.
•Embedded processors are typically found in devices that require real-time
processing capabilities, such as industrial control systems, automotive
systems, and consumer electronics.
•Embedded processors are designed to be small, low-power, and efficient, as
they are typically used in devices where space and power are at a premium.
•They are also designed to be reliable and to operate for long periods of time
without failure.
•Some examples of devices that use embedded processors include
smartphones, TVs, washing machines, and aircraft systems.

Types of Embedded Processors
1. General Purpose Processors (GPPs)
2. Microprocessors
3. Microcontrollers
4. Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
5. Single-Purpose Embedded Processor
6. Bit-Slice Microprocessor (BSM)
7. RISC Microprocessor
8. Coprocessor
9. System-on-Chip (SoC)

1. General Purpose Processors (GPPs)
General purpose processors, also known as central processing units (CPUs), are processors that are designed to be capable of executing a
wide range of tasks. They are used in computers and other devices that require high-performance processing capabilities. Some features
of general-purpose processors include:
1.Instruction set: General purpose processors have a large and complex instruction set, which allows them to perform a wide range of
tasks.
2.Multi-core: Many general-purpose processors are multi-core, which means they have multiple processors on a single chip. This allows
them to perform multiple tasks concurrently, improving performance.
3.Clock speed: The clock speed of a processor determines how fast it can execute instructions. General-purpose processors typically have
high clock speeds, which allows them to perform tasks quickly.
4.Cache: General-purpose processors have one or more levels of cache, which is a small amount of high-speed memory that is used to
store frequently accessed data. This helps to improve the performance of the processor.
5.Compatibility: General-purpose processors are typically compatible with a wide range of operating systems and software applications.
6.Virtualization: Many general-purpose processors support virtualization, which allows them to run multiple virtual machines on a single
physical machine.
7.Power consumption: General-purpose processors can have high power consumption, which can be a concern in devices where power is
limited.

2. Microprocessors
A microprocessor is a processor that is contained on a microchip, or integrated
circuit (IC). It is a central processing unit (CPU) that executes the instructions of a
computer program. Some features of microprocessors include:
1.Instruction set: Microprocessors have a specific instruction set that defines the
operations that they can perform.
2.Clock speed: The clock speed of a microprocessor determines how fast it can
execute instructions. Microprocessors typically have high clock speeds, which
allows them to perform tasks quickly.
3.Data bus: The data bus is a communication pathway that is used to transfer data
between the microprocessor and other components in a system.
4.Address bus: The address bus is a communication pathway that is used to
transfer the address of a memory location between the microprocessor and other
components in a system.
5.Cache: Many microprocessors have one or more levels of cache, which is a small
amount of high-speed memory that is used to store frequently accessed data. This
helps to improve the performance of the microprocessor.
6.Power consumption: Microprocessors can have relatively high power
consumption, which can be a concern in devices where power is limited.
7.Size: Microprocessors are designed to be small, as they are typically used in
devices where space is at a premium.
8.Cost: Microprocessors can vary in cost depending on their capabilities and
features.

3. Microcontrollers
A microcontroller is a small, low-power computer that is contained in a single integrated
circuit (IC). It is a type of embedded processor that is used in a wide range of devices,
including consumer electronics, industrial control systems, and automotive systems. Some
features of microcontrollers include:
1.On-chip peripherals: Many microcontrollers have a variety of on-chip peripherals, such as
timers, serial ports, and analog-to-digital converters, which allow them to interface with
external devices.
2.Memory: Microcontrollers have both program memory, which stores the instructions that are
executed by the processor, and data memory, which is used to store variables and other data.
3.Input/output (I/O) pins: Microcontrollers have a set of I/O pins that can be used to interface
with external devices, such as sensors or actuators.
4.Low power consumption: Microcontrollers are designed to be low-power, which makes
them suitable for use in battery-powered devices.
5.Cost: Microcontrollers are typically less expensive than general-purpose processors, as they
are designed for specific tasks and do not have as many capabilities.
6.Size: Microcontrollers are small, which makes them suitable for use in compact devices.
7.Flexibility: Microcontrollers are highly flexible and can be programmed to perform a wide
range of tasks.

4. Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
Digital signal processors (DSPs) are specialized microprocessors that are designed to process digital signals. They are used
in a wide range of applications, including audio and video processing, telecommunications, and control systems. Some key
features of DSPs include:
1.High-speed processing: DSPs are designed to process large amounts of data quickly, making them well-suited for real-
time applications.
2.Parallel processing: Many DSPs are designed to perform multiple operations simultaneously, which can increase their
processing speed and efficiency.
3.Hardware support for common operations: DSPs often include specialized hardware to support common operations,
such as filtering and FFTs (Fast Fourier Transforms), which can reduce the processing overhead and improve performance.
4.Low power consumption: DSPs are often designed to be energy-efficient, making them well-suited for battery-powered
applications.
5.Programmability: Most DSPs are programmable, which means that they can be customized to perform specific tasks.
This allows them to be used in a wide range of applications.

5. Single-Purpose /Application specific Embedded Processor
Single-purpose embedded processors, also known as application-specific embedded processors,
are microprocessors that are designed to perform a specific task or set of tasks. They are used in
a wide range of applications, including automotive systems, industrial control systems, and
consumer electronics. Some key features of single-purpose embedded processors include:
1.Specialized functionality: Single-purpose embedded processors are designed to perform a
specific task or set of tasks, making them well-suited for applications that require highly
specialized functionality.
2.Low power consumption: Single-purpose embedded processors are often designed to be
energy-efficient, making them well-suited for battery-powered applications.
3.Compact size: Single-purpose embedded processors are often designed to be small and
lightweight, making them well-suited for applications where space is limited.
4.High reliability: Single-purpose embedded processors are often designed to be highly reliable,
as they are typically used in mission-critical applications where downtime is not an option.
5.Low cost: Single-purpose embedded processors are often less expensive than general-purpose
processors, as they are designed to perform a specific set of tasks and do not require the same
level of flexibility and programmability.

6. Bit-Slice Microprocessor (BSM)
These controllers are made by joining several smaller units together to form a controller of the
desired size. The aim is to design controllers that can be as large or small as needed by combining
similar smaller units. This method creates controllers that fit both standard and unique sizes.
7. RISC Microprocessor
Reduced instruction set computers (RISC) are designed to process simple commands quickly. It
uses a small set of about 30 to 40 basic instructions to simplify operations and speed up
processing. All instructions have the same format and size, which helps each one complete in just
one clock cycle. However, this means more lines of code and memory are required to store these
instructions. This approach puts less strain on the hardware but demands more from the software
or compiler that handles the instructions.
8. Coprocessor
These are specialized microprocessors that help the main computer processor by performing
complex tasks, thereby improving the performance of the main processor. The coprocessor works
automatically and can handle tasks quickly because it only needs to follow a few specific
instructions. It is used for tasks such as data processing, managing input/output operations, and
handling complex mathematics and graphics. This processor is a separate piece from the main
CPU.

8. System-on-Chip (SoC)
System-on-Chip (SoC) is an integrated circuit that integrates
all components of a computer or other electronic system onto
a single chip. Some key features of SoCs include:
1.Integration: SoCs integrate all or most of the components of
a system onto a single chip, which can reduce the size and
complexity of the system.
2.Low power consumption: SoCs can be designed to be
highly power efficient, which can be useful in battery-powered
or energy-sensitive applications.
3.High performance: SoCs can be designed for high
performance, making them suitable for applications that
require a lot of processing power.
4.Customization: SoCs can be customized for specific
applications, allowing them to be optimized for the specific
requirements of those applications.
5.Reduced component count: Because many components are
integrated onto a single chip, SoCs can reduce the component
count of a system, which can make the system simpler and
easier to manufacture.

Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
Features Microprocessor Microcontroller
Definition
A microprocessor is a central processing unit
(CPU) that performs the majority of the
processing in a computer or other device.
A microcontroller is a small computer that is
integrated into a single chip and is designed to
perform a specific task or set of tasks.
Clock speed
A microprocessor typically has a higher clock
speed and more processing power than a
microcontroller.
A microcontroller typically has a lower clock
speed and more processing power than a
microprocessor.
Memory
requirement
A microprocessor typically requires external
memory and other components to function.
A microcontroller has memory and other
peripherals integrated into the same chip.
Programming
language
A microprocessor is usually programmed using
a high-level programming language.
A microcontroller is often programmed using a
low-level language or assembly code.

Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
Features Microprocessor Microcontroller
Usage
•A microprocessor is generally used for tasks
that require more processing power, such as
running an operating system or performing
complex calculations.
•A microprocessor is typically used in devices
that require frequent updates or upgrades, such
as desktop computers and laptops.
•A microprocessor is used in general-purpose
computers and devices.
•A microcontroller is typically used for tasks that
require more control over hardware, such as
controlling a motor or reading sensors.
•A microcontroller is used in devices that are
designed to perform a specific task and are not
often updated or upgraded, such as appliances
and industrial control systems.
•A microcontroller is used in specialized devices
and systems that require more control over the
hardware.
Examples
Examples of microprocessors include the Intel
Core series of processors used in desktop
computers and laptops and the Qualcomm
Snapdragon processors used in smartphones.
Examples of microcontrollers include the
Arduino Uno, which is often used in DIY
electronics projects, and the PIC microcontrollers
used in a variety of applications, including
industrial control systems and consumer devices.

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