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Basics of Networking, Introduction to IOT
- 1. Chapter 1: Basicsof Networking Foundations of Networking Concepts Academic Style Lecture Notes
- 2. Learning Outcomes • -Understand the basic principles of networking • - Familiarize with terminologies and technologies • - Relate IoT with networking foundations • - Discuss configurations and topologies • - Explain OSI and TCP/IP models • - Learn network addressing basics
- 3. Introduction • In moderndata-driven operations, networking plays a vital role. • - Agriculture, military, education all rely on networking. • - Networking enables instant information availability. • - Speed and reliability of networks determine success.
- 4. Network Types • Networksclassified by: • 1. Connection type • 2. Physical topology • 3. Reachability • These help in selecting appropriate network design.
- 5. Connection Types • Twomajor types: • - Point-to-Point: Direct link between two devices. • - Point-to-Multipoint: One device connects to multiple others. • Used in optical networks, wireless systems, IP telephony.
- 6. Point-to-Point Networks • -Dedicated connection between two hosts. • - Duplex links, synchronous/asynchronous systems. • - Examples: Remote control for AC, optical fiber networks.
- 7. Point-to-Multipoint Networks • -Shared channel between multiple hosts. • - Common in wireless networks and IP telephony. • - Techniques: FDMA, TDMA for channel sharing. • - Essential for massive device connectivity.
- 8. Physical Topologies • Fourcommon topologies: • - Star • - Mesh • - Bus • - Ring • Each has unique advantages and disadvantages.
- 9. Star Topology • -All hosts connect to central hub. • - Easy to install, easy fault detection. • - Disadvantage: Single point of failure at hub.
- 10. Mesh Topology • -Every device connected to every other. • - Advantages: High reliability, robust, secure. • - Disadvantage: Expensive and complex setup.
- 11. Bus Topology • -Devices connected via backbone cable. • - Easy, low cost installation. • - Disadvantage: Signal loss, difficult fault detection.
- 12. Ring Topology • -Devices connected in closed loop. • - Repeaters pass data around ring. • - Advantage: Easy fault identification. • - Disadvantage: Failure of one repeater crashes network.
- 13. Comparison of Topologies •Star: Simple, hub failure risk. • Mesh: Reliable, but costly. • Bus: Cheap, but limited. • Ring: Predictable, but fragile.
- 14. Network Reachability • Networksbased on size: • - PAN (Personal Area Network) • - LAN (Local Area Network) • - MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) • - WAN (Wide Area Network)
- 15. Personal Area Networks(PAN) • - Individual user networks. • - Examples: Bluetooth headphones, wireless mouse. • - Short range (few meters).
- 16. Local Area Networks(LAN) • - Connects devices within building/campus. • - High speed: 100–1000 Mbps. • - Devices: servers, routers, switches. • - High fault tolerance.
- 17. Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) •- Covers city-wide area. • - Connects multiple LANs. • - Often maintained by ISPs. • - Example: city internet distribution.
- 18. Wide Area Networks(WAN) • - Covers large regions/countries. • - Connects LANs and MANs. • - Uses satellites, PSTN, leased lines. • - Internet = largest WAN.
- 19. OSI Model Overview •- ISO reference model with 7 layers. • - Each layer performs specific tasks. • - Layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application.
- 20. Physical Layer • -Concerned with signals, voltages, cables. • - Defines topology and transmission rate. • - PDU: Symbol.
- 21. Data Link Layer •- Establishes and terminates connections. • - Error detection/correction. • - Two sub-layers: MAC and LLC. • - PDU: Frame.
- 22. Network Layer • -Provides routing across networks. • - Tasks: addressing, sequencing, congestion control. • - PDU: Packet.
- 23. Transport Layer • -Ensures end-to-end reliability. • - Error recovery, flow control, retransmission. • - PDU: Segment/Datagram.
- 24. Session Layer • -Establishes and terminates communication sessions. • - Used in remote procedure calls. • - PDU: Data.
- 25. Presentation Layer • -Ensures data format conversion. • - Encryption/decryption tasks. • - Called syntax layer. • - PDU: Data.
- 26. Application Layer • -Closest to the user. • - Provides services like email, FTP, file transfer. • - Functions: authentication, quality of service. • - PDU: Data.
- 27. TCP/IP Protocol Suite •- Practical model for internet communication. • - Four layers: Link, Internet, Transport, Application. • - Foundation protocols: TCP and IP.
- 28. Link Layer • -Equivalent to OSI physical + data link layers. • - Transmits packets over medium. • - Works with Ethernet, Wi-Fi, ATM.
- 29. Internet Layer • -Similar to OSI network layer. • - Handles addressing, routing, packaging. • - Protocols: ARP, IP, ICMP, IGMP.
- 30. Transport Layer (TCP/IP) •- Equivalent to OSI transport layer. • - Provides error control, segmentation, flow control. • - Protocols: TCP, UDP.
- 31. Application Layer (TCP/IP) •- Equivalent to OSI application + session + presentation layers. • - Protocols: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, SNMP.
- 32. Addressing in Networks •- Ensures delivery of data to intended devices. • - Similar to postal addresses. • - Two levels: Data Link (MAC) and Network (IP).
- 33. Data Link LayerAddressing • - Uses MAC addresses (48-bit unique). • - Types: Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast. • - Provided by manufacturer, globally unique.
- 34. Network Layer Addressing •- Uses IP addresses. • - IPv4: 32-bit. • - IPv6: 128-bit. • - Logical, not fixed in hardware. • - Uses ARP for resolution.
- 35. IPv4 Packet Structure •- 13 fields in header. • - Includes version, header length, source/destination. • - 32-bit addressing scheme.
- 36. IPv6 Packet Structure •- 8 fields in header. • - Includes flow label, traffic class, source/destination. • - 128-bit addressing scheme.
- 37. TCP/IP Transport Services •- Two types: Connectionless and Connection- oriented. • - Defines packet dependency and delivery assurance.
- 38. Connectionless Service (UDP) •- Packets transmitted independently. • - No guarantee of delivery. • - Example: Voice over IP. • - Protocol: UDP.
- 39. Connection-Oriented Service (TCP) •- Requires handshaking before communication. • - Ensures delivery order and reliability. • - Slower but provides Quality of Service. • - Protocol: TCP.
- 40. Comparison: TCP vsUDP • - TCP: Reliable, ordered, slower, heavy. • - UDP: Unreliable, unordered, faster, lightweight. • - Applications differ based on requirements.
- 41. Summary • This chapterintroduced: • - Basics of networking and importance. • - Network types, topologies, and reach. • - OSI and TCP/IP models. • - Addressing mechanisms: IPv4 and IPv6. • - Transport layer: TCP and UDP.