Computer programming programming_langugages

Computer programming programming_langugages

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  ● Computer programmingis the process of creating software through the use of logic, algorithms, and programming language ● Programmers use a program code to make software ● Program code : a set of instructions that signal the CPU to perform circuit witching operations www.eshikshak.co.in
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  ● A languagedesigned for writing system software ● It offers more direct access to the physical hardware of the machine ● System Software : Operating System, Language Processor & System Utilities ● Major System Programming Languages ○ C, C++, ESPOL, PL/I, BLISS www.eshikshak.co.in
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  ● A languagedesigned for writing application software ● Application Software : Payroll system, Inventory System, Attendance System etc. ● Major Application Programming Languages ○ C, C++, VB.NET, Java, etc. www.eshikshak.co.in
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  ● Procedural Programming Languages ● Procedural programming specifies a list of operations that the program must complete to reach the desired state. ● Each program has a starting state, a list of operations to complete, and an ending point. This approach is also known as imperative programming. ● Integral to the idea of procedural programming is the concept of a procedure call. Procedures, also known as functions, subroutines, or methods, are small sections of code that perform a particular function. ● Procedural programming can be compared to unstructured programming, where all of the code resides in a single large block. ● It splits the programmatic tasks into small pieces, procedural programming allows a section of code to be re-used in the program without making multiple copies. ● It also makes it easier for programmers to understand and maintain program structure. ● Two of the most popular procedural programming languages are FORTRAN and BASIC. www.eshikshak.co.in
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  ● Structured Programming Languages ● Structured programming is a special type of procedural programming. It provides additional tools to manage the problems that larger programs were creating. ● Structured programming requires that programmers break program structure into small pieces of code that are easily understood. ● It also frowns upon the use of global variables and instead uses variables local to each subroutine. ● One of the well known features of structural programming is that it does not allow the use of the GOTO statement. It is often associated with a “top-down” approach to design. ● The most popular structured programming languages include C, Ada, and Pascal. www.eshikshak.co.in
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  ● Object-Oriented Programming Languages ● Object-oriented programming is one the newest and most powerful paradigms. ● In object oriented programs, the designer specifies both the data structures and the types of operations that can be applied to those data structures. ● This pairing of a piece of data with the operations that can be performed on it is known as an object. ● A program thus becomes a collection of cooperating objects, rather than a list of instructions. ● Objects can store state information and interact with other objects, but generally each object has a distinct, limited role. www.eshikshak.co.in
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  ● Low LevelProgramming Language ○ Machine Language ○ Assembly Language ● High Level Programming Language www.eshikshak.co.in
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  ● Low Level Machine Language ● Computer understand only a language that is known as “Machine Language” ● It consists of set of instructions in form of ‘1s’ and ‘0s’ ● Example of Machine Instruction ○ 1110001110000 ● It is difficult for human to read and write machine language www.eshikshak.co.in
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  ● i) Itmakes fast and efficient use of the computer. ● ii) It requires no translator to translate the code i.e.Directly understood by the computer www.eshikshak.co.in
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  ● i) Alloperation codes have to be remembered ● ii) All memory addresses have to be remembered. ● iii) It is hard to amend or find errors in a program written ● In the machine language ● iv) These languages are machine dependent i.e. a particular ● Machine language can be used on only one type of computer www.eshikshak.co.in
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  ● Inconveniences ofmachine language. ● Assembly language in which operation codes and operands are given in the form of alphanumeric symbols instead of 0’s and l’s. ● These alphanumeric symbols will be known as mnemonic codes and can have maximum up to 5 letter combination ○ e.g. ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, START, LABEL etc. ● Because of this feature it is also known as ‘Symbolic Programming Language’. This language is also very difficult and needs a lot of practice to master it because very small www.eshikshak.co.in
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  ● Advantages ofAssembly Language i) It is easier to understand and use as compared to machine language. ii)It is easy to locate and correct errors. iii) It is modified easily ● Disadvantages of Assembly Language i) Like machine language it is also machine dependent. ii) Knowledge of hardware required www.eshikshak.co.in
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  ● High levelcomputer languages give formats close to English language and the purpose of developing. ● It enables people to write programs easily and in their own native language environment (English). ● High-level languages are basically symbolic languages that use English words and/or mathematical symbols rather than mnemonic codes. ● Each instruction in the high level language is translated into many machine language instructions thus showing one-to-many translation www.eshikshak.co.in
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  ● Readablity ● Portability ●Easy Debugging ● Easy Software Development www.eshikshak.co.in