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- 2. FILE FORMATS File formatsare intended to store particular kinds of digital information: the JPEG format, for example, is designed only to store still images, while the GIF format supports storage of both still images and simple animations. The most well-known formats have file specifications that describe exactly how the data is to be encoded. Since files are seen by programs as streams of data (0s and 1s), a method is required to determine the format of a particular file within the file system. One popular method is to determine the format based on the final portion of the filename, known as the filename extension.
- 3. Digital images Thestandard greyscale images use 256 shades of grey from 0 (black) to 255 (white). With color images, the situation is more complex. For a given number of pixels, considerably more data is required to represent the image and more than one color model is used. We will consider the following data format: GIF JPEG TIFF BMP PNG
- 4. Image formats GIF (GraphicInterchange Format) GIF uses lossless LZW compression for relatively small file sizes, as compared to uncompressed data. GIF files offer optimum compression (smallest files) for solid color graphics, because objects of one exact color compress very efficiently in LZW. The LZW compression is lossless, but of course, the conversion to only 256 colors may be a great loss. The GIF format can only show 256 colors but it can choose any of the 16 million colors in a 24-bit image. 8 bit = 256 colors 7 bit = 128 colors 6 bit = 64 colors 5 bit = 32 colors 4 bit = 16 colors 3 bit = 8 colors 2 bit = 4 colors 1 bit = 2 colors (usually B/W)
- 5. TIFF (TaggedImage File Format) TIFF files have many formats: Black and white, greyscale, 4- and 8-bit color, full color (24-bit) images. TIFF files support the use of data compression using LZW and other compression standards. BMP (Bitmap) B/W Bitmap is monochrome and the color table contains two entries. Each bit in the bitmap array represents a pixel. If the bit is clear, the pixel is displayed with the color of the first entry in the color table. If the bit is set, the pixel has the color of the second entry in the table. 4-bit Bitmap has a maximum of 16 colors. Each pixel in the bitmap is represented by a 4-bit index into the color table array. The first pixel contains the color in the second table entry, and the second pixel contains the color in the sixteenth table entry. 8-bit Bitmap has a maximum of 256 colors. Each pixel in the bitmap is represented by a 1-byte index into the color table. 24-bit Bitmap has a maximum of 2^24 colors. Each pixel is a 3-byte sequence in the bitmap array represents the relative intensities of red, green, and blue.
- 6. IMAGE OPERATIONS Classification ofImage Operations - Spatial domain methods * Point Processing Tranformations * Area/Mask Processing Tranformations * Geometric Tranformations * Frame Processing Transformations - Frequency domain methods
- 7. Point Processing Methods The most primitive, yet essential, image processing operations. Intensity transformations that convert an old pixel into a new pixel based on some predefined function. They operate on a pixel based solely on that pixel’s value. Used primarily for contrast enhancement.
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- 9. • Negative Transformation O(r,c) = 255 - I (r, c)
- 10. Non-linear Transformations -We may use any function, provided that is gives a one-to-one or many-to-one (i.e., single-valued) mapping. Logarithmic - Useful for enhancing details in the darker regions of the image at the expense of detail in the brighter regions.
- 11. Exponential The effectis the reverse of that obtained with logarithmic mapping.
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- 13. Histogram Equalization Lowcontrast images are usually mostly dark, mostly light, or mostly gray. High contrast images have large regions of dark and large regions of white (e.g., someone inside a room, stading in front of a window on a sunny day). Good contrast images exhibit a wide range of pixel values (i.e., no single gray level dominates the image).