Fundamntl of computer programing in python.pptx

Fundamentals of Computer Programming
B.Tech. (CSE)
Mr. Rahul Singh
Assistant Professor
School of Engineering & Technology (SOET)
K. R. Mangalam University
Introduction to Computer Fundamentals

Course Coordinator
• PhD. and MCA in CSIT from Central University of Jammu.
• Research area includes Biometric Security, Computer vision
and Pattern recognition.
• Published more than 20 research articles, out of which 9 are
published in SCI Indexed journals.
• One Indian Patent granted.
• Awarded IEEE Travel Grant from IEEE Biometrics Council.
• Lead co-author of book “Leveraging computer vision to
Biometric Applications”. Taylor & Francis.
Dr. Deepika Sharma
Assistant Professor,
SOET

Contact your course coordinator
 Email – Deepika.sharma@krmangalam..edu.in
 WhatsApp – 8492097464
 Meeting Hours - Room No B214 Monday to Wednesday 2:20 -
3:30 PM

Prerequisite to the Course
• Understanding of basic computer operations and file management.
• Familiarity with fundamental concepts of programming logic.
• Basic knowledge of algebraic concepts and mathematical operations.
• Access to a computer with Python installed for hands-on practice.

Course Objectives
 Master computer fundamental concepts.
 Become proficient in Python syntax, data types, and control
structures.
 Design and implement object-oriented solutions.
 Effectively pre-process and handle data.
 Learn data visualization and classification algorithms.

Course Outcomes
 CO1: Learn computer fundamentals and python programming concepts.
 CO2: Demonstrate proficiency in Python syntax.
 CO3: Analyze and solve programming problems using conditional
statements and looping structures.
 CO4: Apply the concepts OOPS in problem solving
 CO5: Utilize the concepts of data pre-processing and data visualization
techniques on real datasets.
 CO6: Involve in self-Learning & be able to develop mini-projects in python

Motivation
 Digital Literacy: Essential for navigating today's technology-driven world.
 Problem-Solving: Equips with skills to tackle real-world challenges effectively.
 Innovation: Empowers to create and innovate using technology.
 Interdisciplinary Applications: Applicable across various fields beyond just
computer science.
 Adaptability: Enables to stay relevant in rapidly evolving tech environments

Motivation
 Career Opportunities: Opens doors to diverse and lucrative tech-related
careers.
• Software Developer
• Data Analyst/Scientist
• Web Developer
• Machine Learning Engineer
• Cybersecurity Analyst
• Systems Administrator
• Game Developer

Course overview
UNIT-1
• Introduction to Computer Fundamentals
UNIT-II
• Introduction to Python programming & its Environment
UNIT-III
• Python Objects and Classes
UNIT-IV
• Data Pre-processing, Classification and Visualization in Python

Lecture Details
Lecture Timings
Day of the Week Timings Class Room
Theory Lectures
Monday 10:05-10:55 B208
Tuesday 11:50-12:40 B108
Thursday 10:05-10:55 B110
Friday 14:20-15:10 B208
Practical Session
Practical Lab 13:30-15:10 Lab 10

Assignments
 All assignments must be submitted electronically via LMS
 Moodle - the course portal.
 You can access the portal here.
 Assignment due dates will be specified with each task.
 Late submissions may incur penalties according to the course policy.
Dr.

Evaluation Scheme
Evaluation Component Duration Assessment Tool Weightage
(%)
Continuous
Assessment
Semester Quiz/Assignment/
Presentation/
Extempore
20
Attendance Semester Class Attendance 10
Mid Term Examination 60 Minutes Written Exam 20
End Term Examination 180 Minutes Written Exam 50
TOTAL 100

Performance Evaluation
Component
Duration Weightage (%)
Internal
Attendance Semester 10
Continuous
Assessment
Semester 20
Mini Project Semester 20
External
Attendance Semester 10
Continuous
Assessment
Semester 20
TOTAL 100
Evaluation Scheme

Reference Material: Books
 John V Guttag. “Introduction to Computation and Programming Using
 Python”, Prentice Hall of India.
 R. Nageswara Rao, “Core Python Programming”, Dreamtech.
 Wesley J. Chun. “Core Python Programming, Second Edition”, Prentice
Hall.
 Michael T. Goodrich, Roberto Tamassia, Michael H. Goldwasser, “Data
 Structures and Algorithms in Python”, Wiley.

Reference Material: Online Courses
Python for Everybody Specialization on Coursera
https://www.coursera.org/specializations/python
XSeries Program in
Computational Thinking using Python by MIT
https://www.edx.org/xseries/mitx-computational-thinking-using-python
MITx: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming Using Python
https://www.edx.org/learn/computer-science/massachusetts-institute-of-
technology-introduction-to-computer-science-and-programming-using-python
100 Days of Code: The Complete Python Pro Bootcamp
https://www.udemy.com/course/100-days-of-code/
CS50's Introduction to Computer Science
https://www.edx.org/learn/computer-science/harvard-university-cs50-s-
introduction-to-computer-science
Python Mega Course: Learn Python in 60 Days, Build 20 Apps
https://www.udemy.com/course/the-python-mega-course/

Agenda
 Session-1: Introduction to Computer system
 Session-2: Introduction to operating systems
 Session-3: Number System
 Session-4: Algorithms and complexity analysis
 Session-5: Software Development Life Cycle
 Session-6: Introduction to computer security

Session 1 Outlook
• Introduction to Computers and computing
• Evolution of Computers
• Von Neumann architecture
• Central Processing Unit
• Computer Memory
• Input /Output Devices

Learning Outcomes
• Comprehensive understanding of computers and computing.
• Familiarity with Von Neumann architecture principles.
• Insight into CPU components: ALU, control unit, registers.
• Understanding of primary and secondary storage, cache, and virtual memory.
• Recognition of input/output devices: keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer.
• Application of theoretical knowledge to practical computing scenarios.

What is this
?????????
Computer
Why???
• It has input/output unit.
• Perform computations billions
times faster than humans.
• It can process data.
 Why to study about computer system?
• Because it is widely deployed in various areas such as:
 Education Healthcare
 Business Banking
 Communication Entertainment
 Agriculture Many more
So, it is necessary to study about fundamentals of computer system.
Know this device and its applications

Introduction to Computer System
• An electronic machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions.
• Capable of performing faster computations
• Process the data, produce the results and store for later use as depicted in
Figure.
An illustration of computer system working

Evolution of Computers
• Pre-20th Century: Mechanical calculators (e.g., Pascaline, Difference Engine).
• 20th Century: First electronic computers (e.g., ENIAC, UNIVAC).
• 1950s-1960s: Introduction of transistors and mainframe computers.
• 1970s-1980s: Advent of microprocessors and PCs (e.g., Apple II, IBM PC).
• 1990s-Present: Rise of laptops, smartphones, tablets, and cloud computing.

Evolution of Computers (cont’d)
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition

 Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC)
• Electronic computer, Developed by Prof. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

 UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I)
 First general purpose electronic digital computer.
 It was designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of
the ENIAC.
Understanding Computers: Today
and Tomorrow, 15th Edition

 CHARLES BABBAGE’S ENGINES
• Charles Babbage (1792-1871) made
a machine called Difference Engine .
• Evaluate accurate algebraic
expression and mathematical
• Also known as Babbage's difference
engine.
• Later modified the device as
Analytical Engine .

 MARK-I - DIGITAL COMPUTER
• All calculating machines are invented basically mechanical machine. First
electro-mechanical computer developed by Howard Aiken.

Generation Time Period Characteristics Example Computers Hardware Features
1st 1940s - 1950s Vacuum tubes, large size, high
power
ENIAC, UNIVAC I, IBM 701 Vacuum tubes, punch
cards, magnetic drums
2nd Late 1950s - Transistors, smaller size, lower
power consumption
IBM 1401, IBM 7090, CDC
6600
Transistors, magnetic core
memory, batch processing
3rd 1960s - 1970s Integrated circuits (ICs), faster
processing, smaller speed
IBM System/360, DEC
PDP-8, CDC 7600 |
time-sharing, virtual
memory
4th 1970s - 1980s Microprocessors, personal
computers
Apple II, IBM PC,
Commodore PET
Microprocessors, floppy
disks, GUIs, home
computers
5th 1980s - 1990s Personal computing boom,
GUIs, increased performance
IBM PS/2, Macintosh SE,
Commodore Amiga
Improved GUIs, CD-ROMs,
multimedia capabilities
6th 1990s - 2000s Internet era, World Wide Web,
mobile computing
Pentium-based PCs, iMac
G3, Palm Pilot
Internet connectivity,
mobile computing, USB,
DVD drives
7th 2000s -
present
Mobile computing dominance,
cloud computing, IoT
Smartphones, tablets,
Chromebooks, Raspberry
Pi
Cloud computing, IoT,
SSDs, HD displays,
advanced GPUs

Von Neumann Architecture
• Computer architecture, proposed by John von Neumann
Princeton in 1945.
• Forms the basis for the architecture of modern computers
and microprocessors.
• Data and instructions are retrieved from memory, operated
on by an ALU, and moved back to memory (or I/O)
• Comprises of:
• Input/output Unit
• CPU (control unit, ALU, registers)
• Memory (stores programs and data) A depiction of Johnvon Neumann architecture

Central Processing Unit
• Primary component of computer
• Responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations.
• Also known as the brain of computers.
• Comprised of the Control Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and registers.
Functions of the CPU:
Fetch: Retrieves instructions and data from memory.
Decode: Interprets instructions and determines the required actions.
Execute: Performs arithmetic and logical operations as instructed.
Store: Writes results back to memory or registers.
Fetch
Decode
Execute
CPU instruction cycle

Working of CPU
Directs the flow of data and instructions within
the CPU.
Execute arithmetic and
logical instructions,
manipulating binary data
Small, high-speed storage
locations used to hold
data temporarily during
processing.
Manages communication
between the CPU and the
system bus, controlling the
transfer of data and
instructions.
Interprets instructions fetched
from memory, translating them
into control signals to
coordinate the execution of
tasks within the processor.
Temporarily stores frequently
accessed data and instructions,
facilitating faster access for the
processor.
Retrieves and stores instructions from
memory ahead of time, anticipating their
execution to minimize delays and optimized
efficiency.

Input Devices
• Allow users to interact with a computer system.
• Convert physical actions or signals into digital data that the computer can
process.
• Input devices include keyboards, mice, touchpads, scanners, microphones,
and more.
• Enable users to enter text
• Control various functions of the computer.
• Play a vital role in facilitating user-computer interaction.

Computer Memory
• An internal storage area, in which data and programs are stored.
• Crucial for running programs, storing data, and managing user files.
• Allows for the rapid retrieval and manipulation of data.
www.study.in

Memory Representation
• Binary digit (1/0) is the basic memory unit.
• A group of 8 bits form a byte.
• 1 byte can store 2^8 different combinations of bits.
• Group of bytes can be combined to form word.
Memory organization

Memory measurement units
• 1 Bit (b) = 2^0 bits = 1 bit
• 1 Byte (B) = 2^3 bits = 8 bits
• 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 2^10 bytes = 1024 bytes
• 1 Megabyte (MB) = 2^20 bytes = 1024 KB
• 1 Terabyte (TB) = 2^40 bytes = 1024 MB
• 1 Petabyte (PB) = 2^50 bytes = 1024 TB

Need of computer memory
• Each device within a computer functions at varying speeds.
• Computer memory provides a rapid-access location for data retrieval.
• If CPU had to wait for a secondary storage device, computer would be a
more slower.
• Enhances system performance by providing temporary and permanent
storage solutions.
Reference:
1. Computer System architecture by Morris Mano,
Pearson
2. Digital electronics and micro computers by R.K Gaur

Types of Computer Memory
Reference:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PujjqfUhtNo

Primary Memory
• Mainly used by CPU known as main memory.
• CPU directly read or write on this memory
• Fixed on the computer motherboard.
• Volatile memory, contents are erased when power is off.
• High speed and costly
• Broadly classified as:
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Read Only Memory (ROM)

Random Access Memory
• Temporary storage for active data and instructions.
• Volatile memory, contents lost when power is off.
• Enables quick access for CPU, facilitating rapid data retrieval.
• Essential for efficient program execution and multitasking.
• Varied types and capacities, impacting system performance.
www.study.in

Types of RAM
 STATIC RAM
• Volatile memory type.
• Uses flip-flop circuits to store data.
• Retains data as long as power is supplied.
• Offers faster access times.
• Commonly used in cache memory and CPU
registers.
• Typically more expensive with lower storage
density.

Types of RAM
 DYNAMIC RAM
• Volatile memory type.
• Slower access times compared to SRAM.
• Commonly used as main memory in computers.
• Requires constant power supply to retain data.
• Stores data using capacitors, requiring periodic refresh cycles.
• Less expensive and higher density compared to SRAM.
www.study.in

Read Only Memory
• Non-volatile memory type.
• Contains firmware and essential system software.
• Data cannot be modified or overwritten.
• Retains data even when power is turned off.
• Commonly used to store BIOS and firmware.
• Provides critical instructions for booting up the computer system.
• Typically used for long-term storage of essential programs and data.
www.study.in

Types of ROM
 PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory):
• Initially blank and programmed by the user.
• Once programmed, data cannot be changed.
• Used for storing firmware and fixed data.
• Commonly used in devices requiring permanent data storage, such as
embedded systems.
• Offers a one-time programmable solution for custom applications.

Types of ROM
 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory):
• Can be electrically erased and reprogrammed multiple times.
• Does not require UV light for erasure, more convenient than EPROM.
• Offers byte-level programming.
• Commonly used for storing configuration data, firmware, and BIOS settings.
• Provides flexibility for modifying stored data without removing the chip from
the circuit.
• Offers reliable and durable data storage with low power consumption

Types of ROM
 EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory):
• Initially blank and programmable by the user.
• Unlike PROM, EPROM can be erased and reprogrammed multiple times.
• Requires exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light for erasure.
• Once erased, data can be reprogrammed using specialized equipment.
• Commonly used for firmware development and prototyping.
• Provides a reusable solution for custom applications.

Secondary Memory
• Non-volatile storage used for long-term data retention.
• Slower access times but offers higher storage capacities.
• Suitable for storing user files, applications, and operating system software.
• Utilized for tasks such as data backup, file storage, and media playback.
• Examples include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs),
optical drives (CD/DVD), and flash memory (USB drives, memory cards).

Secondary Memory Devices
 Hard disc drive
• Primary secondary storage device in computers.
• Uses rotating magnetic disks to store data.
• Offers high storage capacities at relatively low cost.
• Commonly used for storing large files and operating system data.
• Widely used in desktop computers, laptops, and servers.
• Provides persistent storage even when power is turned off.

 Compact Disk Drive
• Optical storage device for reading and writing CDs
• Uses laser technology to read and write data on optical discs.
• Commonly used for installing software and storing data
backups.
• Provides portable and durable storage for data distribution and
archiving.
• Slower access times compared to hard disk drives and solid-
state drives.
• Offers a cost-effective solution for storage

 Blue Ray Disk
• High-capacity optical storage medium.
• Uses blue-violet laser technology for reading and writing data.
• Offers significantly higher storage capacity than CDs and DVDs.
• Commonly used for high-definition video playback and data storage.
• Provides high-quality audio and video performance.
• Enables storage of large files.
• Requires Blu-ray compatible drives for reading and writing.
• Increasingly popular in home entertainment systems and
professional applications.

 Pen Drive
• Portable storage device with a USB interface.
• Uses flash memory to store data.
• Compact and lightweight design for easy transportation.
• Plug-and-play functionality for instant access to data on various devices.
• Offers high-capacity storage ranging from a few gigabytes to terabytes.
• Commonly used for transferring files between computers and devices.
• Provides convenient backup solutions for important data.
• Compatible with most computers, laptops, and other USB-enabled
devices.

Primary vs. Secondary Memory
Aspect Primary Memory Secondary memory
Location Inside the CPU External to CPU
Speed Faster Slower
Access time Very low latency High latency
Volatility Volatile Non-volatile
Persistence Data lost when power is off Data persist even when power turned off
Capacity Limited Larger
Cost Expensive Less expensive
Functionality Executes programs, holds working data Stores programs, files, and data for long-term
access
Example RAM, Cache, Registers CD, HD, Pen drive
Usage Actively used by CPU for computations Long-term storage for files and programs

Virtual Memory
• An alternate set of memory addresses.
• Programs use these addresses rather than real addresses.
• Creates an illusion of a larger memory space.
• Virtual memory management is handled by the operating system, which swaps
data between RAM and disk as needed.
• When RAM becomes full, less-used data is moved to disk storage.
• Accessing data from virtual memory is slower than RAM access.

Why Virtual Memory needed…
• Before virtual memory technique, programmers had to manage directly two-
level storage such as main memory or ram and secondary memory.
• Enlarge the address space, the set of addresses a program can utilize.
• Virtual memory might contain twice as many addresses as main memory.
• When multiple programs are executed simultaneously at the same time,
Virtual memory make the computer to share memory efficiently.
• Eliminate a restriction that a computer works in memory which is small and
be limited.
• When many programs is running at the same time, VM protect programs to
interfere each other in each memory area.

Cache Memory
• Small amount of fast memory
• Sits between normal main memory and CPU
• May be located on CPU chip or module

Cache operation overview
• CPU requests contents of memory location
• Check cache for this data
• If present, get from cache (fast)
• If not present, read required block from main memory to cache
• Then deliver from cache to CPU
• Cache includes tags to identify which block of main memory is
in each cache slot

Input Devices
• Allow users to interact with a computer system by providing data or commands.
• Convert physical actions or signals into digital data that the computer can
process.
• Input devices include keyboards, mice, touchpads, scanners, microphones,
and more.
• Enable users to enter text, navigate interfaces, manipulate objects, and control
various functions of the computer.
• Play a vital role in facilitating user-computer interaction.

Keyboard
 An input device used to enter characters at the location marked by the
insertion point or cursor
• Can be wired or wireless
• Typically contains:
 Standard alphanumeric keys
 Numeric keypad
 Function keys
 Delete and Backspace keys
 Control and Alternate keys
 Arrow directional keys and special keys

A typical desktop keyboard

Keyboard cont’d
• Mobile devices often use:
– Slide-out keyboard
– Pen or touch input (on-screen keyboard)
– Keyboard dock
Keyboards for mobile devices

Pointing and Touch Devices
• Pointing devices are used to:
– Select and manipulate objects
– Input data
– Issue commands to the computer
• Common types of pointing devices:
– Mouse
– Pen/stylus
– Devices that use touch input
 Mouse
– Common pointing device that the user
slides along a flat surface to move a
pointer around the screen and clicks its
buttons to make selections
– Older mechanical mice use a ball
– Optical or laser mice track with light
– Touch mice support two-dimensional
gestures

Mouse
Depiction of common mouse operations

Pens/Styluses
• Stylus
– Pen-like device used to draw or write electronically on the screen
– Also called digital pen, electronic pen, tablet pen
– Pen input is being used for:
• Photography, graphic design, animation
• Industrial design, document processing, and healthcare applications
• Issuing commands

 Pen-Based Computers and Mobile Devices
• Pen input used with mobile devices and tablet computers
– Used to input handwritten text and sketches and to manipulate objects
– If handwriting recognition is used, written text can be converted to editable
typed text
Pen based computers and mobile devices
Pens/Styluses

Pens/Styluses
 Digital Writing Systems
• Pen-based systems that capture
handwritten input as it is being written
• Requires special paper with a grid of dots
• Handwritten input can be transferred to
computer
 Graphics Tablets
• Pen tablets or digitizing devices
• Flat, touch sensitive tablet
typically connected to computer
using a USB port

Pens/Styluses
 Signature Capture Devices
• Found at check out counters to
record customer signatures

Touch Screens
• Touch Screens
– Display devices that are touched with the finger to select commands or
otherwise provide input to the computer
– Common on portable computers, smartphones, and other mobile devices
– Multi-touch
• Can recognize input from more than one finger at a time
– Table PC
• Large screen computer either built into a table or designed to be
used on a table

Touch Screens
Touch screen devices

Scanners and Readers
• Source documents
– Already exists in physical form (photographs, checks, or
product label)
• Source data automation
– Captures data directly from a source
document
• Saves time
• Increases accuracy
• Utilizes scanning or reading devices

Scanners
• Scanners (Optical Scanners)
– Input devices that read printed text and graphics and
transfers them to a computer in digital form
– Data is typically input as a single image
– Can scan photos, documents, images
– Types of scanners
• Flatbed
• Portable
• 3D
• Receipt and business card scanners

Scanners
Various scanners

Readers
• Barcode Readers
– Input devices that read barcodes
• Barcodes
– Machine-readable codes that represent data as a set of bars
– Common Types
• Universal Product Code (UPC)
• ISBN
• DataBar
• QR Codes

Readers
Common types of barcodes

Readers
Barcode readers

Readers
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Readers
– Technology used to store and
transmit data located in RFID tags
– RFID tags contain tiny chips and
radio antennas
• Can be attached to objects
• Read by RFID readers
• Tags only need to be within range of the reader, rather
than in the line of sight

Readers
• Applications
– Tracking inventory and assets
– Electronic toll collection
– Tracking patients in hospitals
– Ticketing applications
– Speeding up ID process of travelers at border crossings
• Types of RFID Readers
– Handheld, portal, and stationary
• Slow to catch on in retail industry due to privacy and security issues

Readers

Readers
• Optical Mark Readers (OMRs)
– Input data from special forms to score or tally exams,
questionnaires, ballots
• Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Devices
– Ability of a computer to recognize scanned text characters and
convert them to electronic form as text, not images
– OCR software is used to identify each character and
convert it to editable text
– Used to process turnaround documents like monthly bills

Readers
• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Readers
– Also called check scanners
– Used primarily for banking
– Read the special magnetic characters
printed at the bottom of checks
– High volume readers process deposited
checks
– Used to facilitate remote deposits and
electronic check processing
Magnetic ink character recognition
(MICR) readers are used to process
checks

Readers
• Biometric Readers
– Used to input biometric data such as an individual’s
fingerprint or voice
– Can be stand-alone or built into another piece of hardware
– Most often used for access control, to
authorize electronic payments, log on to
secure Web sites
A typical desktop keyboard

Display Devices
• Display Device
– Presents output visually on some type of screen
– Monitor
• Display device for a desktop computer
– Display Screen
• Screen built into a variety of devices
– Notebook and other portable computers
– Mobile phones and mobile devices
– Handheld gaming devices, home entertainment devices, kitchen
appliances

Readers
• Display Device Characteristics
– Color vs. Monochrome Displays
• Images are formed using
pixels
• Most displays today are color displays
– CRT vs. Flat-Panel Displays
• Cathode ray tube (CRT) displays: large, bulky,
and heavy
• Flat-panel displays: take up less desk space; use
less power
Flat panel display

Output Devices
• Convey information from a computer system to the user.
• Present processed data or results in a human-readable form, such as text, graphics,
or audio.
• Common output devices include monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, and
headphones.
• Allow users to perceive and interpret the output generated by the computer system.
• Play a crucial role in presenting information, facilitating communication, and enabling
user interaction with the computer.

Printers
• Color vs. Black and White
– Colors printers use magenta, cyan, yellow, and black ink
• Print Resolution
– Measured in dpi (dots per inch)
– More dots per inch results in higher quality output
– 300 dpi for general purpose printing; 1,200 dpi for
photographs; 2,400 dpi for professional applications
• Print Speed
– Measured in pages per minute (PPM)
– Range from about 15 to 65 ppm

Printers
• Printing Technology
– Impact Printers (Dot Matrix)
• Print mechanism strikes an inked ribbon to transfer ink to the paper
• Used to produce multipart forms
– Non-Impact Printers (Ink-Jet/Laser)
• Use liquid ink or toner
• Produce higher quality images
• Much quieter than impact printers
Dot matrix printers

Laser Printers
• Use toner powder and technology similar to that of a photocopier
to produce images on paper
• The standard for business documents
• Print one entire page at a time
• Generally faster and have better quality output than ink-jet printers
• Can be black and white or color
• Common print resolution for laser printers is between 600 and 2,400 dpi
• Use toner cartridges

Ink-Jet Printers
• Sprays droplets of ink to produce images on paper
• Use ink cartridges
• Usually print in color
• Often the choice for home use
• Relatively inexpensive with good-quality output
• Print more slowly than laser printers
• Potential applications for the future
– Dispensing liquid metal, aromas, computer chips and other circuitry,
“printing” human tissue

Ink-Jet Printers: working

Special Purpose Printers
• Barcode, label, and postage
printers
• Photo printers
• Portable and integrated printers
• Wide-format ink-jet printers
• 3D printers
3D printers : print objects up to the size of a
standard basket ball

Audio Output
• Audio Output
– Voice, music, and other audible sounds
– Common audio output devices
• Computer speakers
• Headphones and headsets
• Earphones and earbuds
Audio output devices

Brainstorming session 1: Quiz
1. _______ is considered the brain of the computer.
2. _______ memory is directly accessible by the CPU and is used for temporarily
storing data and instructions.
3. _______ is a type of primary memory that is volatile and loses its data when
the power is turned off.
4. _______ is another type of primary memory that is non-volatile and retains its
data even when the power is turned off.
5. _______ memory complements primary memory by providing larger storage
capacity for long-term data retention.

Brainstorming session 2: Quiz
1. Which of the following is an input device?
a) Printer b) Monitor c) Keyboard d) Speaker
2. Which device is used to input graphical images into a computer?
a) Mouse b) Scanner c) Printer d) Microphone
3. What is the primary function of an output device?
a) To enter data into the computer b) To process data within the computer
c) To display or print processed data d) To store data for future use
5. Which of the following is an example of an output device?
a) Microphone b) Keyboard c) Monitor d) Scanner
6. What is the purpose of a printer?
a) To display visual output on a screen b) To produce printed copies of documents or images
c) To capture images and input them into the computer d) To record audio input for playback

Brainstorming session 3: One word answer
1. Which input device is commonly used to capture and input handwritten
signatures electronically?
2. What type of output device is used to produce sound or audio output from a
computer?
3. What display device allows users to interact directly with the screen by touching
it?
4. Which input device is used to navigate graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and
select items on the screen?
5. What type of memory is used for temporarily storing data and program
instructions during computer operation?

Brainstorming session 3: Answers
1. Graphics tablet or Digital signature pad
2. Speaker or Headphones
3. Touch screen.
4. Mouse or Touchpad
5. RAM

References
• Sinha P.K and Sinha Preeti, “Computer Fundamentals: Introduction to
computers” pp 8-17, 2012
• www. Study.in
• R.K.Gaur, “Digital electronics and Microcomputers”, Dhanpat Rai,
1993.
• Computer System architecture by Morris Mano, Pearson
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fo-vSqYMLvQ&t=53s

Fundamntl of computer programing in python.pptx

More Related Content

Similar to Fundamntl of computer programing in python.pptx

More from RahulSingh190790

Recently uploaded

Fundamntl of computer programing in python.pptx

Editor's Notes