KEMBAR78
Introduction to graphene based computing | PPTX
INTRODUCTION TO
GRAPHENE SUPERCOMPUTING




       Presented by-
       SAMEER BANSOD
       SEC-B
       Roll NO - 151
2


     CONTENTS
•    INTRO-WHAT IS GRAPHENE?
•    HISTORY-INVENTION
•    PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE
•    ADVANTAGES OVER SILICON
•    APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS SECTORS
•    DESIGN-MOST OF THE COMPUTER
    PARTS
•    FUTURE USE
•    LIMITATIONS
•    CONCLUSION
•    REFERENCES
3




   INTRO-WHAT IS GRAPHENE?
• Graphene is a one-atom-
  thick planar sheet of carbon
  atoms that are densely packed
  in a honeycomb crystal lattice.

• Graphite itself consists of
  many graphene sheets stacked
  together.

• It is an allotrope of carbon
  that are densely packed in a
  honeycomb crystal lattice.[1]
4



CONTINUE-

• The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is
  approximately 0.142 nm.[1]


• Strongest material known to science and
  conducts electricity better than any other known
  substance.
5




• Thin, transparent and flexible
  substance..


• Can be used in touch screen,
  light panel, solar cells (ITO)
  and flexible display [8]
6




HISTORY
• The theory behind the substance graphene was
  first explored by Scientist Philip Wallace in 1947’s
  but didn’t get promising results…[1]

• Since then, in the past 8 years, scientists have
  discovered that the substance retains some
  amazing properties

• After that-----
7

The inventors
                Andre Geim and
                Konstantin Novoselov
                have shown that
                carbon in such a flat
                form has exceptional
                properties
8




             PROPERTIES[1]
• It is 10 times faster than COPPER.

• In Graphene, electrons can flow at very high
  speed due to a lack of friction.

• Graphene is stronger and more flexible than
  steel and also than diamond.
9




• It can carries 1,000 times the density of
  electric current as compared to copper wires.



• With the placement of a sheet of graphene just
  one-carbon-atom-thick, we transformed the
  originally passive device into an active one that
  generate microwave photonic signals
10




Properties continue-
• Graphene can boost optical
  nonlinearity, a property
  required for the digital
 on/off two-state switching
 using bilayer graphene and
 memory.


       Due to this special property, graphene has wide
             application in ultrafast photonics
11



• The resistance of graphene
  is so much lower than
  copper and silicon, it’s not
  using any more current, or
  wasting any more energy…
.
12




ADVANTAGES OF GRAPHENE OVER
SILICON [3]
• Researcher found the velocity of electrons in the
  GRAPHENE was something like 1,000 times
  faster than silicon.

• Graphene holds remarkable advantages over
  silicon in terms of processing speed, obviating
  the need for internal cooling fans as it functions
  well at room temperature than SILICON...
13



NON- Volatile memories[1]
What is bottleneck with traditional RAM’s ???
• DRAM face severe technological and physical
  limitations as device dimensions shrink
• So what is an alternative
   Resistive RAM –
- Uses high speed switching mechanism based on
  change in resistance
- It has simple structure,high density and fast
  switching capabilities.
APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE
15


            Terahertz devices:[4]
                                      terahertz devices
 WHY TERAHERTZ
MODULATING DEVICES ?
THz waves can carry more
information than radio/microwaves
for communications devices

 WHAT IS BOTTLENECK ?????
lack of efficient materials and devices that
manipulate these energy waves including traditional
semiconductor devices
16




HOW GRAPHENE HELP US IN THIS
PROBLEM???
• Using Graphenes’s high speed switcing property
  we can sample data at THz speed.

• Researchers at the University of Notre Dame
  have shown that it is possible to efficiently
  manipulate THz electromagnetic waves with
  atomically thin graphene layers.
Breakthrough in microchip technology

 WHAT IS BOTTLENECK ?????
 • problem of making ever faster computers and smaller mobile devices than
   current silicon microchip technology

 HOW GRAPHENE HELP US IN THIS PROBLEM????

• Using Graphene & and hexagonal boron nitride has incredible electronic
properties, with theoretical speeds 100 times greater than silicon


A team of Penn State researchers has
developed field effect transistors using
graphene and hexagonal boron nitride
on a 75-millimeter wafer, a significant
step toward graphene-based electronics.
18


           OPTOELETRIC DEVICES

• BY combining Graphene
  with silicon photonic crystal
  structures such as LED’s,
  We can design
  optoelectronic device
  applications, such as
  ultrafast chip-scale high-
  speed optical
  communications.
19




       SUPERFAST INTERNET [6]
• By combining graphene with
  metallic nanostructures, they
  show a 20-fold enhancement in
  harvesting light by graphene,
  paves advances in high-speed
  internet and other
  communications.

• Graphene devices can be
  incredibly fast and potentially
  hundred times faster than
  communication rates in the
  fastest internet cables..
20




             Touch screens [8]

• The graphene-based
  electrodes could be used
  to replace the
  increasingly expensive
  indium tin oxide (ITO)
  in touch-screen
  displays. [7]
21



    PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS
• Bottleneck-
  INDIUM is brittle, which rules it out for
  use in flexible displays and heightens the
  risk of the screen of your smartphone
  cracking when the device is dropped.
  Solution
• On the other hand GRAPHENE is flexible,
  NON BREAKABLE, transparent electronic
  components, so it is the best choice to
  replace ITO from SMARTPHONES.
22



           Use in CAMERA Sensor
 PROPERTY:
• Graphene absorb only 2.3% of
  incident light


 RECENT IMPLEMENTATION
• Nokia is already developed 41 MP
  camera based on a graphene photo
  detector.


• It has already filed a patent for it as
  well
23



Current scenario-IBM in GRAPHENE
• Last year, the IBM team
  demonstrated the first
  graphene-based
  transistor, capable of
  operating at speed of 100
  GHz

• This transistor showing
  promising result…SO….
24




• IBM integrated transistor into a complete circuit.

• The circuit, a 10-gigahertz frequency mixer,
  could give wireless devices greater range.

• This First Graphene-Based Computer Chip Shake Up the
  Silicon Valley.

• Now they are looking toward manufacturing a complete
  processors..
25


               FUTURE USE

 GRAPHENE might be stuffed
  into your pocket or wrapped
  computers around your wrist
  like watch.

 PROPERTY USED:
• AS Graphene is a Flexible and
  Ultra-Slim and strong.
26




Imagine flexible cell phones.




TVs, thin as wallpaper, that you
could roll up and take with you.
27



               FUTURE USE


• Graphene will use in manufacturing of computer
  eletronics because it needs minimal retooling.[1]

• In fact, IBM has already created working
  on 30GHz test devices using graphene
  transistors by 2020.
28




• The first products are expected to enter the
  market by 2014, according to estimates by
  Samsung.[6]

• Many leading electronics companies consider
  graphene for the next generation of devices. This
  work certainly boosts graphene's chances even
  further.
29




• A number of multinationals are active in
  graphene research and development
   e.g. Intel and IBM in computing, Dow
  Chemicals and BASF as suppliers of basic
  graphene material

• In other words, graphene could begin making its
  way into computers as early as 2014 to 2015, and
  almost certainly by 2020..
30




• We might be able to see graphene based photo
  sensors in Nokia’s smart phones.


• Graphene for use in graphene-saturated battery and
  super-charging capacitor applications ..[8]
31



          LIMITATIONS
• IBM has revealed that graphene can't yet
  (Graphene single layer) fully replace silicon
  inside CPUs, as a graphene transistor can't
  actually be completely switched off.
• Highly complex to implement as compared to
  semiconductor based electronics.
• Some new techniques require to control high
  electrical conductivity & Fast
  switching…..because in some cases it is not
  required.
32



                CONCLUSION
• – We are convinced that exploiting the full potential
  of graphene will have huge impacts on society at
  large.

• Better ,efficent & elegent replacement for
  semiconductor based eletronics devices

• Energy efficient as comp ared to other material.

• Using low cost devices, transparent flexible displays
  and touch screens based on graphene seamlessly
  integrated with plastic.
33




• In future New Material, Graphene may replace
  Silicon in Technology Industry as Experts
  say....[8]
34
                                                    34


Why should we get excited about
graphene?[5]

• It’s extremely thin, it has extremely good
  connectivity.

• What we’ve found that it is bigger substance
  than what we had expected.

• It is called as a ‘MIRACLE’ material,which has
  an applications in numerous fields..
35


CAN WE DESIGHN COMPUTER USING
GRAPHENE ?
• Processor
         Using fast switching property of graphene we can
          manufacture high speed processor having clk speed
          30 GHz – 100 GHz.
• Memory
  •    Graphene based super fast resistive memory is 10 times
      faster than traditional semiconductor RAM’s

• On board chips & other components
  •     We can manufacture efficient modulators, demodulators,
      capacitors , microchips Using graphene
36




•THANK YOU !!!
37




                      REFERENCES
[1](Google) THE RISE OF GRAPHENE
.[Online].Available:
http://arxiv.org/ftp/condmat/papers/0702/0702595.pdf
A.K. Geim and K.S. Novoselov
Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology,
University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, United Kingdom

[2] (Google) Valkyrie Ice,”GRAPHENE IS NEXT”
.[Online].Available: http://hplusmagazine.com/2010/05/03/graphene-
next/operating-system.html, MaY 3, 2010.


[3] (Google) First Graphene-Based Computer Chip May Shake Up
Silicon Valley
.[Online].Available:http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2011/06/13/first-graphene-
based-computer-chip-may-shake-up-silicon-valley/ JUNE 13,2011
38




[4] (Google),”GRAPHENE Wonder material ”
.[Online].Available: www.Phys.org/graphene

[5]GRAPHENE
Link site:http://www.focusgraphite.com/technology/graphene

[6]GRAPHENE-Flagship
Link site: http://www.graphene-flagship.eu/GF/reports.php

[7] Professor Konstantin Novoselov , Interview,Graphene
[Video].Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8TrTWdzon4


[8] Dream touch-screens from graphene at Rice University
[Video].Available:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8TrTWdzon4

Introduction to graphene based computing

  • 1.
    INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHENE SUPERCOMPUTING Presented by- SAMEER BANSOD SEC-B Roll NO - 151
  • 2.
    2 CONTENTS • INTRO-WHAT IS GRAPHENE? • HISTORY-INVENTION • PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE • ADVANTAGES OVER SILICON • APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS SECTORS • DESIGN-MOST OF THE COMPUTER PARTS • FUTURE USE • LIMITATIONS • CONCLUSION • REFERENCES
  • 3.
    3 INTRO-WHAT IS GRAPHENE? • Graphene is a one-atom- thick planar sheet of carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. • Graphite itself consists of many graphene sheets stacked together. • It is an allotrope of carbon that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice.[1]
  • 4.
    4 CONTINUE- • The carbon-carbonbond length in graphene is approximately 0.142 nm.[1] • Strongest material known to science and conducts electricity better than any other known substance.
  • 5.
    5 • Thin, transparentand flexible substance.. • Can be used in touch screen, light panel, solar cells (ITO) and flexible display [8]
  • 6.
    6 HISTORY • The theorybehind the substance graphene was first explored by Scientist Philip Wallace in 1947’s but didn’t get promising results…[1] • Since then, in the past 8 years, scientists have discovered that the substance retains some amazing properties • After that-----
  • 7.
    7 The inventors Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov have shown that carbon in such a flat form has exceptional properties
  • 8.
    8 PROPERTIES[1] • It is 10 times faster than COPPER. • In Graphene, electrons can flow at very high speed due to a lack of friction. • Graphene is stronger and more flexible than steel and also than diamond.
  • 9.
    9 • It cancarries 1,000 times the density of electric current as compared to copper wires. • With the placement of a sheet of graphene just one-carbon-atom-thick, we transformed the originally passive device into an active one that generate microwave photonic signals
  • 10.
    10 Properties continue- • Graphenecan boost optical nonlinearity, a property required for the digital on/off two-state switching using bilayer graphene and memory. Due to this special property, graphene has wide application in ultrafast photonics
  • 11.
    11 • The resistanceof graphene is so much lower than copper and silicon, it’s not using any more current, or wasting any more energy… .
  • 12.
    12 ADVANTAGES OF GRAPHENEOVER SILICON [3] • Researcher found the velocity of electrons in the GRAPHENE was something like 1,000 times faster than silicon. • Graphene holds remarkable advantages over silicon in terms of processing speed, obviating the need for internal cooling fans as it functions well at room temperature than SILICON...
  • 13.
    13 NON- Volatile memories[1] Whatis bottleneck with traditional RAM’s ??? • DRAM face severe technological and physical limitations as device dimensions shrink • So what is an alternative Resistive RAM – - Uses high speed switching mechanism based on change in resistance - It has simple structure,high density and fast switching capabilities.
  • 14.
  • 15.
    15 Terahertz devices:[4] terahertz devices  WHY TERAHERTZ MODULATING DEVICES ? THz waves can carry more information than radio/microwaves for communications devices  WHAT IS BOTTLENECK ????? lack of efficient materials and devices that manipulate these energy waves including traditional semiconductor devices
  • 16.
    16 HOW GRAPHENE HELPUS IN THIS PROBLEM??? • Using Graphenes’s high speed switcing property we can sample data at THz speed. • Researchers at the University of Notre Dame have shown that it is possible to efficiently manipulate THz electromagnetic waves with atomically thin graphene layers.
  • 17.
    Breakthrough in microchiptechnology  WHAT IS BOTTLENECK ????? • problem of making ever faster computers and smaller mobile devices than current silicon microchip technology  HOW GRAPHENE HELP US IN THIS PROBLEM???? • Using Graphene & and hexagonal boron nitride has incredible electronic properties, with theoretical speeds 100 times greater than silicon A team of Penn State researchers has developed field effect transistors using graphene and hexagonal boron nitride on a 75-millimeter wafer, a significant step toward graphene-based electronics.
  • 18.
    18 OPTOELETRIC DEVICES • BY combining Graphene with silicon photonic crystal structures such as LED’s, We can design optoelectronic device applications, such as ultrafast chip-scale high- speed optical communications.
  • 19.
    19 SUPERFAST INTERNET [6] • By combining graphene with metallic nanostructures, they show a 20-fold enhancement in harvesting light by graphene, paves advances in high-speed internet and other communications. • Graphene devices can be incredibly fast and potentially hundred times faster than communication rates in the fastest internet cables..
  • 20.
    20 Touch screens [8] • The graphene-based electrodes could be used to replace the increasingly expensive indium tin oxide (ITO) in touch-screen displays. [7]
  • 21.
    21 PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS • Bottleneck- INDIUM is brittle, which rules it out for use in flexible displays and heightens the risk of the screen of your smartphone cracking when the device is dropped. Solution • On the other hand GRAPHENE is flexible, NON BREAKABLE, transparent electronic components, so it is the best choice to replace ITO from SMARTPHONES.
  • 22.
    22 Use in CAMERA Sensor  PROPERTY: • Graphene absorb only 2.3% of incident light  RECENT IMPLEMENTATION • Nokia is already developed 41 MP camera based on a graphene photo detector. • It has already filed a patent for it as well
  • 23.
    23 Current scenario-IBM inGRAPHENE • Last year, the IBM team demonstrated the first graphene-based transistor, capable of operating at speed of 100 GHz • This transistor showing promising result…SO….
  • 24.
    24 • IBM integratedtransistor into a complete circuit. • The circuit, a 10-gigahertz frequency mixer, could give wireless devices greater range. • This First Graphene-Based Computer Chip Shake Up the Silicon Valley. • Now they are looking toward manufacturing a complete processors..
  • 25.
    25 FUTURE USE  GRAPHENE might be stuffed into your pocket or wrapped computers around your wrist like watch.  PROPERTY USED: • AS Graphene is a Flexible and Ultra-Slim and strong.
  • 26.
    26 Imagine flexible cellphones. TVs, thin as wallpaper, that you could roll up and take with you.
  • 27.
    27 FUTURE USE • Graphene will use in manufacturing of computer eletronics because it needs minimal retooling.[1] • In fact, IBM has already created working on 30GHz test devices using graphene transistors by 2020.
  • 28.
    28 • The firstproducts are expected to enter the market by 2014, according to estimates by Samsung.[6] • Many leading electronics companies consider graphene for the next generation of devices. This work certainly boosts graphene's chances even further.
  • 29.
    29 • A numberof multinationals are active in graphene research and development e.g. Intel and IBM in computing, Dow Chemicals and BASF as suppliers of basic graphene material • In other words, graphene could begin making its way into computers as early as 2014 to 2015, and almost certainly by 2020..
  • 30.
    30 • We mightbe able to see graphene based photo sensors in Nokia’s smart phones. • Graphene for use in graphene-saturated battery and super-charging capacitor applications ..[8]
  • 31.
    31 LIMITATIONS • IBM has revealed that graphene can't yet (Graphene single layer) fully replace silicon inside CPUs, as a graphene transistor can't actually be completely switched off. • Highly complex to implement as compared to semiconductor based electronics. • Some new techniques require to control high electrical conductivity & Fast switching…..because in some cases it is not required.
  • 32.
    32 CONCLUSION • – We are convinced that exploiting the full potential of graphene will have huge impacts on society at large. • Better ,efficent & elegent replacement for semiconductor based eletronics devices • Energy efficient as comp ared to other material. • Using low cost devices, transparent flexible displays and touch screens based on graphene seamlessly integrated with plastic.
  • 33.
    33 • In futureNew Material, Graphene may replace Silicon in Technology Industry as Experts say....[8]
  • 34.
    34 34 Why should we get excited about graphene?[5] • It’s extremely thin, it has extremely good connectivity. • What we’ve found that it is bigger substance than what we had expected. • It is called as a ‘MIRACLE’ material,which has an applications in numerous fields..
  • 35.
    35 CAN WE DESIGHNCOMPUTER USING GRAPHENE ? • Processor  Using fast switching property of graphene we can manufacture high speed processor having clk speed 30 GHz – 100 GHz. • Memory • Graphene based super fast resistive memory is 10 times faster than traditional semiconductor RAM’s • On board chips & other components • We can manufacture efficient modulators, demodulators, capacitors , microchips Using graphene
  • 36.
  • 37.
    37 REFERENCES [1](Google) THE RISE OF GRAPHENE .[Online].Available: http://arxiv.org/ftp/condmat/papers/0702/0702595.pdf A.K. Geim and K.S. Novoselov Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, United Kingdom [2] (Google) Valkyrie Ice,”GRAPHENE IS NEXT” .[Online].Available: http://hplusmagazine.com/2010/05/03/graphene- next/operating-system.html, MaY 3, 2010. [3] (Google) First Graphene-Based Computer Chip May Shake Up Silicon Valley .[Online].Available:http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2011/06/13/first-graphene- based-computer-chip-may-shake-up-silicon-valley/ JUNE 13,2011
  • 38.
    38 [4] (Google),”GRAPHENE Wondermaterial ” .[Online].Available: www.Phys.org/graphene [5]GRAPHENE Link site:http://www.focusgraphite.com/technology/graphene [6]GRAPHENE-Flagship Link site: http://www.graphene-flagship.eu/GF/reports.php [7] Professor Konstantin Novoselov , Interview,Graphene [Video].Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8TrTWdzon4 [8] Dream touch-screens from graphene at Rice University [Video].Available:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8TrTWdzon4

Editor's Notes

  • #3 And THESE ARE THE contents……
  • #4 NOW basically what THE gRaphene is all about?Graphene. If you’ve never heard about it, don’t worry, a lot of people haven’t, because it’s really only been “discovered” relatively recently, and most of the truly interesting news about it has been in the couple of years.
  • #5 Stronrst material……..200 times stronger than steel…..It is packed in the sense that all molecules are equal in size…
  • #6 Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms, may be the most amazing and versatile substance available to mankind
  • #7 In 1960’s it was believed that physically graphene cannot exist a because of thermodynamic unstability
  • #8 They were awarded by the Nobel Prize at the University of Manchester ,2010
  • #9 "ballistic" transport could lead to a new generation of superfast, super-efficient electronics.exciting engineers and scientists all over the world with grand new possibilities for all sorts of applications…* Since bus on the motherboard are basic building block which is made of copper.We know that copper is a basic building block of most of the integrated circuit….Gap between valence band and conduction band is very small…..So we can say that at todays date graphene is said to be strongest element on earth……So we can replace copper by graphene in IC’s….
  • #10 and performed parametric wavelength conversion at telecommunication wavelengthsActive components rely on a source of energy (usually from the DC circuit, which we have chosen to ignore) and usually can inject power into a circuit, though this is not part of the definition.[1] Active components include amplifying components such as transistors, triode vacuum tubes (valves), and tunnel diodes.Passive components can't introduce net energy into the circuit. They also can't rely on a source of power, except for what is available from the (AC) circuit they are connected to. As a consequence they can't amplify (increase the power of a signal), although they may increase a voltage or current (such as is done by a transformer or resonant circuit). Passive components include two-terminal components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers.
  • #11 Which use in transistorAs electrons can fastly transfer through it switch on/off at very high rate as compared to traditional transistors more than tera hertz….. Since we require control over flow of eletrons through it we use bilayer grapheneBECAUSE IN SINGLE LAYER GRAPHENE IT IS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL SPEED OF ELECTRONS….
  • #12 Graphene-silicon hybrid photonic chip is an important step forward in building all-optical processing elements.We’re talking about that smartphone in your pocket having a thousand times the computing power of your desktop PC, but using no more power than it does right now.that even though it’s running at 1000 times the speed
  • #13 In silicon,roomtemp does not allow electros to jump from valenece band to conduction band..bcoz energy gap is more in silicon………
  • #14 Charge-based memory devices such as dynamic random access memory and flash memory, while omnipresent today, proves promising next generation nonvolatile memory change in resistanceResistive RAM
  • #16 www.Phys.org/graphene
  • #18 Graphene is the wonder material that could solve the problem of making ever fastercomputers and smaller mobile devices when current silicon microchip technology hits an inevitablewall. Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms in a tight hexagonal arrangement, has been highlyresearched because of its incredible electronic properties, with theoretical speeds 100 times greaterthan silicon. But putting the material into a microchip that could outperform current silicontechnology has proven difficult.
  • #19 Optical->electricalElectrical->opticalX-rays
  • #21 Graphene promises to revolutionize electronics but we're still waiting for graphene-based technologies to hit the market. Rice University researchers have now created transparent, graphene-based electrodes that they say could be the "killer app" that finally puts graphene into the commercial spotlight.
  • #22 As ITO is used in almost evrey SMARTPHONE,so indium getting RARE and EXPENSIVE
  • #23 If anyone is thinking that, why is grapheme for the sensor then the simple answer to this question is that, because of its transparency. Only 2.3% of the passing light is absorbed by this single layer of carbon cells, and the whole process of filtering light is even all across the whole light spectrum. This is the main reason why Nokia believes that this sensor would perform much better than its CMOS sensors in low light conditions.We can capture good images in moon light
  • #26 in the not-too-distant future.Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes
  • #28 Obviously, ultrafast computers are going to have a very far-reaching effect on the way we do things, as well as how we interact with each other and our world, so the real questions are how practical is it to make graphene chips, and how soon can they be made? The answer is probably going to surprise you. Graphene has already been proven to be usable in current chip manufacturing processes with only
  • #32 graphene will not replace silicon in microelectronics; probably, silicon will still be at the heart of computers and microprocessors, but graphene will allow information processing and communication to reach a new level of diffusion in our life; materials
  • #34 Below, from Rice University why I think the 2030 silicon estimate may be a little too pessimistic. Replacing silicon is the golden fleece of graphene research. There’s too much money to be made by whoever gets there first. I suspect it will be closer to 2020, but then I’m a trader and not a scientist