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Lecture 1: Human-Computer Interaction Introduction (2014)
The document outlines Lora Aroyo's lecture on human-computer interaction for the 2014 course. The lecture covers basic design concepts, examples of good and bad designs, and insights into social dynamics and accessibility. It also discusses lab sessions to practice user needs gathering and design testing, as well as assignments applying knowledge to real use cases. The lecture aims to teach students how to design, select, and evaluate user interaction.
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Lecture 1: Human-Computer Interaction Introduction (2014)
- 1. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Lora Aroyo Web & Media Group
- 2. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 2 Lectures Basic design & usability concepts Examples of good & bad designs Get insights of social dynamics, privacy, accessibility Lab sessions Exercise in practice how to gather information about users’ needs & how to design and test it Assignments Apply your knowledge in a concrete use case Challenge your creativity Course Elements
- 3. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Which means … To be able to DESIGN: How the user interaction and experience should work and look? To be able to SELECT: What user interaction design is best for a given purpose in a context? To be able to EVALUATE: How good a specific user interaction is? Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 3
- 4. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 HOW PEOPLE INTERACT WITH COMPUTERS?
- 5. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Dashboards Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 5
- 6. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 7
- 7. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Wearables Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 8
- 8. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Sensing Affect Blood Volume Pressure (BVP) earring Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) rings and bracelet Interactive Pillow as a TV remote control Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 9
- 9. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Speech, Mobile & Augmented Interaction Lora Aroyo, Web & Media GroupLora Aroyo, Web & Media Group “Minority Report” (2002) “Avengers” (2012) “Star Trek: In to the Darkness” (2013) “Star Trek: TOS” (1967) “Her” (2014)
- 10. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Virtual Reality Reality Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 11
- 11. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Interactive Workspaces Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 12 Stanford Interactive Workspaces Project BendDesk Mimio
- 12. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 WHY HCI?
- 13. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Typical Frustrations Can’t figure out how to do simple things Many not frequent use functions Many hidden functions Operations outcome not visible Can’t remember combinations of digits * # how do we know whether it worked how can we remember that this option is ON Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 14 http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5184957822303751144 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keMmM3P4BRM
- 14. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 …elections The sample ballot looked different Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 15 Human-Computer Interaction Course 2013: Lecture 1
- 15. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 … Additional Context Limitations • People vote infrequently • Rushed, uncomfortable circumstances • Elderly Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 16
- 16. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Good UI Design is Important • Examples of bad UI are easy – Try to find examples of good UI • Good UI (very subjective): – Easy, natural & engaging interaction – Users can carry out their required tasks – Accounts for human limitations • Usefulness is often context-dependent! Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 17
- 17. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 FEATURES OF MODERN HCI CHAPTER 1
- 18. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 UCD Principles & Activities • User involvement in development stages • Design iteration • Multi-disciplinary design teams – psychology, ergonomics, engineering & graphic design • Understand & specify context of use • Specify user & organization requirements • Produce prototypes: design solutions • Evaluate designs with users against requirements Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 19
- 19. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Link to Software Engineering • Separate but related concerns: systems vs. user • Some overlap in techniques – Use cases – Iterative file cycle • Multi-disciplinary nature of HCI Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 20
- 20. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Traditional Life Cycle Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 21
- 21. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Evaluation-Centered Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 22 Equally supportive of – top-down & bottom-up – inside-out & outside-in development
- 22. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Simplified Iterative Model Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 23
- 23. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 GATHERING INTERACTION REQUIREMENTS CHAPTER 2
- 24. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Data Gathering Guidelines • Set clear goals for the data collection – Identify stakeholders’ needs • Evaluate cost/benefit for your effort – understand the tradeoffs – use a combination of techniques – balance specific goals and openness • Run a pilot trial • Record well – you won’t remember it well Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 25
- 25. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 • Interviews & Focus groups • Question-based surveys • Contextual analysis Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 26 Data Gathering Methods Complementary combination to balance strengths & weaknesses of each method
- 26. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Interviews • Degrees of structuring for different purposes – structured - like a guided questionnaire – semi-structured - basic script guides the conversation – open-ended - still has a goal and focus; good in the initial stages • Phone/skype, face-to-face – one individual at a time – avoids biases from other people • Develop trust – explain your goals to the interviewee – feedback and results to the interviewee • Focus groups – group of users to discuss a preliminary given issue – facilitated – interviews with 2 or more Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 27
- 27. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 • Both are: – appropriate at almost any stage of the design – conducting them earlier – better impact – conducting them later – gather specific reactions to actual design – optimal timing – early with mock-ups – collect subjective data – help understand the work practices – finding out users’ tasks, roles, problems • Focus groups are: – difficult for geographically isolated – difficult when target population is small – alternative – online/phone interviews Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 28 Focus Groups & Interviews
- 28. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 1-Jun-14 + Ideas of one can trigger ideas in others + Time and cost efficient + Incorrect facts can be corrected + Non-controversial issues – quickly resolved + Controversial issues quickly identified + Reach a not foreseen level of detail – Watch out for ‘groupthink’ and ‘sidetrack’ – Ensure balance between talkers and shy users – Sometimes difficult to coordinate Pros & Cons of Focus Groups
- 29. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 1-Jun-14 • 6 to 12 participants - typically around 10 • Breaks with questionnaire or individual activities • 3 to 5 groups • Heterogeneous groups – good mix of people – each group – representative sample of target audience – watch out for too heterogeneous groups – people who do not have much in common • Homogeneous groups – each group is different demographics Select and Organize Groups
- 30. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 1-Jun-14 • One external, professional facilitator – Encourage discussion – Getting everyone to participate (no viewpoint lost) – Get people respond on one another’s input – Foster arguments (reveal controversial issues) – Prevent arguments getting out of hand • Observation room • 2 to 3 observers mixed in the group Group Facilitation
- 31. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 • Avoid suggestive questions • Clarify reason of question • Phrase questions in terms of probes – e.g, “why …” • Pay attention to non-verbal aspects • Be aware of personal biases • Give summaries in your own words at intermediate points Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 32 During a Focus Group Session
- 32. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 • Good for: – demographics – evaluation of specific features or properties • Questionnaires and surveys – unambiguous questions – gathering more precise information – on-line questionnaires • Question types (closed & open questions) • Scales (for precision & effort needed to decide on a response) • Qualitative vs. quantitative data Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 33 Question-based Surveys
- 33. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 • Closed questions: – select an answer from a set of alternative replies – may require just “yes” or “no” – some form of a rating scale associated • Open questions: – typically start with phrases such as: • “What do you . . . ,” • “How do you . . . ,” • “What ways . . . .” – provide richer data than closed questions – more time consuming to analyze • decide on some grouping and classifying Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 34 Questions
- 34. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Simple rating scale, e.g. checklists - easy to analyze (count the number of responses in each category) Complex rating scales - a multipoint rating scale semantic differential (users select a point along a scale) Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 35 Question Scales (1/2)
- 35. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 • Semantic differentials – with seven points, five-point or three-point scales – best results if the two end points are very opposed • Likert scale (attitudinal scale) – a set statements with semantic differential – measure user’s attitude, preferences, and subjective reactions – measure the strength of users opinion - by counting the number of responses at each point in the scale – typically 5-point scale: strongly disagree strongly agree – calculating a numeric value (adding ‘+’ and ‘-’ scores divided by the number of users) - can be misleading Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 36 Question Scales (2/2)
- 36. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 How easy was the system to use? Easy Difficult 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The system was easy to use Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 37 Semantic Differential & Likert scale
- 37. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 • Avoid complicated questions • Clear and unambiguous questions • Avoid negative questions • Alternate open and closed questions • As few questions as possible (~ 2 A4) • Additional info, e.g. “any other comments” option • Pilot the questionnaire before giving it to users – test whether the questions gather the need info – decide on statistics to apply before finalizing the questionnaire – balanced mix of closed and open questions – balance positive and negative questions Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 38 Questionnaire Tips
- 38. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Examples of Questions Do you think this is a good interface? fair, good, valuable, useful Do you use mouse or keyboard more? 1 2 3 4 5 Yes No When you used the second interface was it responding good to you? Which of the following is not a problem in using the system? Which of the following you are least likely to consider a favorite: drop-down menus, adaptive menus, scrolling? How many times a week do you use Internet? How often do you use internet? Do you use internet? If yes, how often? Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 39
- 39. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 IN SUMMARY
- 40. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Message 1: Many of the human error and machine misuse are design errors Designers help things work with good conceptual model Designers decide on a range of users as the design audience Design is difficult! Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 41
- 41. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Because users usually • have lousy memory • don’t always see everything • get confused of too many things • get tired and bored • don’t pay attention always • get easily distracted Designers need to take all this into account Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 42
- 42. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 … and machines always offer more new form factor larger memories / faster systems miniaturization ↓ power requirements deeply connected new display & input technologies embedding of computation into appliances pervasive specialize computer hardware new functions ↑ networked + distribute computing broadened user base ↑ adopting of computers & access by those currently denied Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 43
- 43. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Message 2: You are NOT the USER if you are DESIGNER and you always need different glasses Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 44
- 44. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 • Design model – conceptual model on which the design of the system is based • User’s model – model that the user develops on the basis of experience with the system • System image – all aspects of the system that the user experiences Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 45 Message 3:
- 45. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 COURSE ORGANIZATION
- 46. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Rules of the game Electronic communication Discussion Board: questions & discussions on course content hci-org@few.vu.nl: admin Before sending email check rules on BB Work in groups of three Attend Lab sessions: rules on BB Submit Assignments: see schedule Submit Lab exercises: end of day Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 47
- 47. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Book (required) User Interface Design & Evaluation Debbie Stone, Caroline Jarrett, Mark Woodroffe, Shailey Minocha Morgan Kaufmann, 2005. ISBN 978-0- 12-088436-0 Parts available @ Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=V vSoyqPBPbMC&printsec=frontcover &source=gbs_slider_thumb#v=onep age&q=&f=false Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 48
- 48. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 HCI book structure • Part 2: requirements • Part 3: design • Part 4: evaluation Sequence is an artefact! Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 49
- 49. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Additional book (optional) How to design & Report Experiments by Andy Field and Graham Hole Published by SAGE, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7619-7382-9 Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 50
- 50. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Grading • 60%: Assignments • 30%: Exam • 10% Lab exercises – No grade for Lab exercises. 1,5 points - when the answers show that an appropriate amount of work has been done. 0.75 points - if the work is poor but not altogether bad. • To pass: – submit solutions to all Lab exercises – submit all assignments – score of written exam => 5.5 – total weighted grade => 5.5 Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 51
- 51. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Schedule • Schedule covers 3 weeks (!) • 2 Lectures a week • 2 Lab sessions a week • Assignments: choice of predefined domains • Exam • Make sure of your (group) planning Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 52
- 52. Human-Computer Interaction Course2014: Lecture 1 Enjoy the course! Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 53