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Memory
Memory can be classified into three types: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory briefly stores perceptions and lasts less than a second. Short-term memory allows recall for seconds to minutes through rehearsal. Long-term memory can store information for days, weeks, or lifetime through encoding in the brain. Memory is also categorized as explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative). The hippocampus plays an important role in memory formation and storage. Diseases like Alzheimer's and Korsakoff's syndrome can cause memory disorders.
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Overview of memory processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Definition of memory as recalling past experiences.
Classification of memory: Sensory, Short-term, Long-term. Details of each type including duration and examples.
Definition of explicit memory, also known as declarative memory. Involves conscious recollection.Definition of implicit memory, which operates without conscious awareness and helps with skilled activities.Classification based on duration: Sensory, Primary, Secondary memory with definitions and examples.
Explanation of sensory memory as the initial stage of memory, involving exact copies of information for very short duration.
Techniques for assessing memory in infants and children, including paired associate learning and free recall.
Role of the hippocampus in memory, including neuroanatomy involved and impact of hippocampal damage.
Focus on encoding in working memory and its relationship with long-term memory.
Research findings indicating memory capability in infants as young as six months.
Overview of various memory disorders including amnesia, Alzheimer's, and others impacting memory cognition.
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Memory
- 1. MEMORY… By BNYS 3rd year SVYASA
- 2. CONTENTS… Introduction Definition What is memory…..??? Sensory memory Short term memory Long term memory Memory is classifies into two types 1. Explicit memory 2. Implicit memory
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Memory is the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved • Encoding allows information that is from the outside world to reach our senses in the forms of chemical and physical stimuli • Storage is the second memory stage or process
- 4. DEFINITION • Memory isdefined as the ability to recall the past experience • It is also defined as retention of learned materials • Some memories remain only for few seconds • Others last for hours, days, months or years together
- 5. SENSORY MEMORY Sensory memory corresponds approximately to the initial 200–500 millisecond after an item is perceived sensory memory that briefly stores an image which has been perceived for a small duration
- 6. COUNT… This entails that we maintain information over periods of time This is the retrieval of information that we have stored
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- 8. Generally , memory is also classified as:- Short term memory Long term memory
- 9. SHORT-TERM MEMORY Short-term memory allows recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal Short-term memory is believed to rely mostly on an acoustic code for storing information
- 10. COUNT… It is the recalling the events that happened very recently, within hours or days There is another from of short term memory called working memory It is a very short period on the basis of which an action is executed
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- 12. LONG-TERM MEMORY The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally have a strictly limited capacity and duration Long-term memory can store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration This information is said to be stored in long-term memory
- 13. COUNT… It is otherwise called remote memory It is the recalling of the events of weeks, months, years or sometimes lifetime Examples are recalling first day of schooling, birthday celebration of previous year, picnic enjoyed last week
- 14. LONG-TERM MEMORY Long term memory Explicit Implicit non- declarative declarative Episodic Somatic Procedural (Idea, Facts (Words and Emotional (skill) etc…) concepts etc…)
- 15. MEMORY IS CLASSIFIESINTO TWO TYPES 1. Explicit memory 2. Implicit memory
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- 17. EXPLICIT MEMORY Explicit memory It is otherwise know as declarative memory It is defined as the memory that involves conscious recollection of past experience The information stored may be about a particular event that happened at a particular time and place Examples :- Recollection of a birthday party celebrated three days Explicit memory involves hippocampus and medial part of temporal lobe
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- 19. IMPLICIT MEMORY It is defined as the memory in which past experience is utilized without conscious awareness It helps to perform various skilled activities properly For example, cycling, driving, playing tennis,dancing,typing
- 20. Depending upon the duration , memory is classified into three types Sensory memory Primary memory Secondary memory
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- 22. SENSORY MEMORY It is the ability to retain sensory signals in the sensory areas of brain It is the initial stage of memory It resembles working memory
- 23. PRIMARY MEMORY Itis the memory of facts, words, numbers, letters or other information recalled for a few seconds to few minutes at a time One need not search or squeeze through the mind but this memory is easily replaced by new bits of memory Example:---
- 24. SECONDARY MEMORY It is storage of information in the brain for a longer period The information could be recalled after hours, days, months or years It also called fixed memory or permanent memory It resembles long term memory
- 25. SENSORY MEMORY Sensory Memory: Storing an exact copy of incoming information for less than a second; the first stage of memory Icon: A fleeting mental image or visual representation Echo: After a sound is heard, a brief continuation of the sound in the auditory system
- 26. TECHNIQUES USED TOASSESS INFANT’S MEMORY Infants do not have the language ability to report on their memories So, verbal reports cannot be used to assess very young children’s memory
- 27. TECHNIQUES USED TOASSESS OLDER CHILDREN AND ADULTS' MEMORY Paired associate learning Free recall Recognition Detection Paradigm
- 28. PAIRED ASSOCIATE LEARNING During this task a subject would be asked to study a list of words and then sometime later they will be asked to recall
- 29. FREE RECALL Free recall is a basic paradigm in the psychological study of memory The recall period typically lasts a few minutes, and can involve spoken or written recall Items are usually presented one at a time for a short duration
- 30. RECOGNITION Remember a list of words or pictures List of alternatives that were not presented in the original list
- 31. DETECTION PARADIGM Individuals are shown a number of objects and colors samples
- 32. PHYSIOLOGY Brain areas involved in the neuroanatomy of memory such as the hippocampus Learning and memory are attributed to changes in neuronal synapses The hippocampus is important for explicit memory Also important for memory consolidation
- 33. FUNCTION OF HIPPOCAMPUS The hippocampus from the olfactory bulb The second major line of thought relates the hippocampus to memory Changes in synaptic connections in the hippocampus Hippocampus plays some sort of important role in memory
- 34. COUNT… Hippocampus damage may also cause memory loss and problems with memory storage.
- 35. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OFMEMORY Encoding of working memory involves the spiking of individual neurons induced by sensory input working memory signals in both medial temporal lobe strong relationship between working memory and long-term memory
- 36. MEMORY IN INFANCY A growing body of research now indicates that infants as young as 6-months can recall information after a 24-hour delay
- 37. DISORDERS Loss ofmemory is known as amnesia Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease Hyperthymesia Korsakoff's syndrome Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
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- 39. PARKINSON'S DISEASE •Also affectmemory and cognition
- 40. HYPERTHYMESIA Also affect memory and cognition Affects an individual's autobiographical memory That they cannot forget small details that otherwise would not be stored
- 41. KORSAKOFF'S SYNDROME Known as Korsakoff's psychosis, amnesic- confabulatory syndrome Organic brain disease that adversely affects memory
- 42. TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE PHENOMENON Common temporary failure of word retrieval from memory