ProgFund_Lecture_1_Introduction_to_Programming.pdf

Programming Fundamentals
Lecture 1: Introduction to Programming

This Lecture
• Establishing a context
– Approach to the unit
– What is programming?
– Program implementation and source code
• Program design
– Pseudocode and flowcharts
• Introduction to Python
– A simple program
– Variables, comments and concatenation
2

Textbook
• Starting Out with Python, 4th Edition (Global)
– Tony Gaddis
• Reading the chapter(s) is required
– Read the indicated chapter(s) before class
• This week covers the following textbook chapter(s):
– Chapter 1 – Introduction to Computers and Programming
• Entire chapter
– Chapter 2 – Input, Processing, and Output
• You can skip the “Turtle Graphics” section of this and all future chapters
– Appendix A and B
3

Approach to the Unit
• This unit aims to teach you introductory programming
– It does not aim to just teach you “programming in Python”
• The language you happen to use when learning to program is not the focus or
goal, it is simply the tool you are using
– When learning to drive, you learn to drive a car – not a red 1997 Ford Festiva Trio
• We will focus on the core concepts of programming
– What they entail
– Why they are necessary, important or desirable
– How (and why) their implementations differ between languages
– Most of the examples, and your lab/assignment work, will just happen to use the
Python programming language
5

Approach to the Unit
• While Python is the programming language we focus on, this unit will discuss and
demonstrate other languages
– This is to keep you focused upon the concepts being covered, rather than their
specific implementation in Python
• Code samples written in Python will look like this:
• Code samples written in other languages will look like this:
6
# print "Hello world!" to the screen
print('Hello world!')
Python
// print "Hello world!" to the screen
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello world!");
}
}
Java

What is Programming?
• Let us first consider “What is a computer?”
• A computer is a device with a few basic components:
– A processor (CPU) which can execute basic instructions
– Memory to store data and instructions that are in use
– Storage for ongoing retention of data and programs
– Input and output devices to communicate/interact with users
• Computers exist to be useful; To do things for us
– e.g. Automation of a manual process, or making something possible that would
otherwise be impossible or unfeasible
– Computers need to be told exactly how to do things
– These instructions must be written in a way that a computer can understand
i.e. they must follow a pre-defined set of rules
7

“A computer program does what you tell it to do,
not what you want it to do.”
“Computers do not solve problems,
they execute solutions.”
8

What is Programming?
• So, what is programming? Programming is problem solving
– Programs are written in order to fulfil a need / solve a problem
– A programming language is the tool used to create a solution
By writing a program using a programming language,
you can make a computer do something useful
11
Problem Solution
Design Implement
print
variable
if condition
print
variable
for condition
print
function
...

Why Learn Programming?
• Learning to program is about developing cognitive processes - i.e. ways of
thinking - not memorising syntax
– Programming teaches you to think about a problem and design a solution that
adheres to an established set of rules
– Programming teaches you to think in a precise and methodical manner when
approaching a problem
– Programming teaches you to think of solutions that are appropriate, elegant,
modular and well-structured
Programming teaches you to think
12

Program Implementation
• A computer’s processor can only understand a set of very basic instructions,
such as simple arithmetic operations
– This is known as machine code, and it is not feasible to write large or complex
programs directly in machine code
• To make this easier, assembly language was developed
– Assembly language replaces the numeric instruction codes of machine code with
short descriptive words, e.g. “add”
– Each instruction corresponds to a machine code instruction, so it is still very low level
and unfeasible for large, complex programs
B801000000
BF02000000
01F8
Machine Code
mov eax, 0x1
mov edi, 0x2
add eax, edi
Assembly
13

• In order to write complex programs in a way that is easy to read and write as well
as being processor-independent, we use high-level languages
– These are the programming languages you hear about / use: Python, C, Java, PHP,
C++, C#, JavaScript, Swift, Go, etc
– Instructions in high-level languages are referred to as “statements”, and usually
translate to multiple machine code instructions
– These languages are much easier for people to write code in, as well as reading and
editing that code at a later stage
• The code of a program written in a high-level language is known as the
“source code” of the program
– The computer’s processor still only understands machine code; the source code must
be translated into machine code in order to be run
14

• There are two main approaches for translating high-level source code into
machine code:
– Compilation: The entirety of the source code is translated into machine code and an
executable file of it is produced
• This is a relatively slow process, however the resulting file runs quickly as it is not being
translated on the spot, and the compiler can spend time to further optimise the resulting file
• Some compiled languages include C and C++
– Interpretation: An interpreter translates and executes each source code statement
one at a time as the program is run
• Slower to run as it is “doing it live”, but fewer steps involved
• Some interpreted languages include Python, PHP and JavaScript
• Some languages, e.g. Java & .NET languages, use a hybrid method – compiling
to a lower-level known as “bytecode” and interpreting that
15

Source Code
• A program’s source code consists of a list of statements written in a programming
language
• Every statement must adhere to the syntax of the language:
– The “words” that the language recognises
– The “phrasing” required to specify values
– The ways of arranging these into valid “sentences”
• Any errors in your syntax will prevent the code from running
– Do not fear error messages; read them and learn from them
16
prunt('Hello world!')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:PythonScriptstest.py", line 1, in <module>
prunt('Hello world!')
NameError: name 'prunt' is not defined
Python
Error location
Erroneous statement
Type of error

Source Code
• A program’s source code consists of a list of statements written in a programming
language
• Every statement must adhere to the syntax of the language
– The “words” that the language recognises
– The “phrasing” required to specify values
– The ways of arranging these into valid “sentences”
• Any errors in your syntax will prevent the code from running
– Do not fear error messages; read them and learn from them
print('Hello world!'
SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing
Python
“End Of File”
Oh no, I forgot the “)”!
English Translation:
“When trying to interpret your code,
I reached the end of the file without finding the
closing parenthesis needed to make it valid”
17

Source Code
• When a program is run, it runs the statements in the source code from start to
end (unless it encounters an error that causes it to end prematurely)
– Some statements obtain input from users, or display output to users (Input/Output)
– Some statements can choose between different sections of code to run based upon
the result of a conditional check (Selection)
– Some statements can repeatedly run a section of code while a certain condition is
met, or a certain number of times (Iteration)
– Some statements define sections of code that can be used at other points in the
program where it is needed, or call upon other pre-defined code (Functions)
• Programs typically involve using selection, iteration and functions to manipulate
and process input, in order to transform it into useful output
– Some programs (typically ones with graphical interfaces) are “event-driven” – they
wait for the user to do something (e.g. click a button) and run statements in response
18

Program Design
• Writing syntactically correct code is difficult and can distract you from the problem
that you are trying to solve
– Hence it is useful to be able to plan out the logic and structure of your solution prior to
commencing the actual programming
– This is the concept of program design
• Pseudocode and flowcharts are two ways of representing the steps and
statements that a program will implement
• Pseudocode and flowcharts…
– are valuable design tools that experienced programmers use
– are designed to be read by people, not parsed by a computer
– follow the conventions of programming, e.g. selection & iteration
– often omit minor, insignificant and assumed statements
22

“First, solve the problem. Then, write the code.”
“Weeks of coding can save you hours of planning.”
23

Program Design
• Pseudocode does not have defined standards, rules or syntax that need to be
adhered to – focus upon internal consistency, not external consistency
– There is no single “correct” way to write pseudocode
– To emphasise this, different conventions have been used in each of the following
pseudocode examples
• Flowcharts are a more visual approach to program design, using symbols with
specific meanings associated with them
– They are “stricter” than pseudocode, but this is a necessity in order to produce
flowcharts that anyone can read
• Always remember that the goal of these design tools is to illustrate and
communicate your design in a clear way
24

Flowchart Symbols
• This table summarises the main symbols used in flowcharts
– Note that flowcharts are used to illustrate algorithms to solve problems in many fields,
not just programming – very useful!
25
Symbol Meaning
Flow Line (indicates direction and connection between things)
Processing (indicates a basic operation, step or action)
Terminator (indicates start or end of a flowchart)
Input/Output (indicates input or output)
Decision (indicates a choice with true/false outcomes)
Predefined Process/Function (indicates a sub-process – may be detailed in separate flowchart)

Pseudocode and Flowchart Examples
• Let’s look at some examples of pseudocode, flowcharts, and corresponding
source code…
26
Prompt the user for a value
Multiply the value by 2
Show the result on the screen
Pseudocode
value = input('Enter a value: ')
result = int(value) * 2
print(result)
Python
Result = value * 2
Get value
Display result

if (name.length() > 15)
{
System.out.println("Error: Name too long.");
}
else
{
System.out.println("Your name has been saved.");
}
Java
IF length of name > 15 THEN
PRINT name length error message
ELSE
PRINT name saved message
Pseudocode
Name
length >
15?
True False
Display name
length error
Display name
saved message
27

get user details from database
while (rows remaining in result set)
{
get next row of data
print name from row
}
Pseudocode
$result = $db->query("SELECT * FROM users");
foreach ($result as $row)
{
echo $row['first_name'];
}
PHP
Get user details from
database
Row
remaining?
True
Display name
from row
False
Get next row of
results
28

Writing Good Code…
xkcd.com
30

Introduction to Python
• Python is a general purpose scripting language
released in 1991 by Guido van Rossum
– Started gaining popularity in 2000 when Python 2.0
was released, becoming a community-driven project
– Although development of the language is now open-source, Guido
was the “benevolent dictator for life” until stepping down in 2018
– Python 3.0 was released in late 2008, and had a big focus upon cleaning up some
redundant and inconsistent parts of the language
• The changes made it impossible for versions 2 and 3 to be fully compatible, so they were
developed side-by-side until 2011
• Development now focused upon version 3, which is the recommended version for modern
usage and education
• Designed to be elegant, simple and readable, allowing for clear and concise code
32

Features and Design of Python
• Python supports many different “styles” (paradigms) of programming;
object-oriented, procedural, functional…
• Python is interpreted, available on all major operating systems, and can do many
useful things “out of the box” due to its large library of modules
• Python is known for using indentation to delimit blocks of code, rather than
braces/curly brackets (“{“ and “}”) or keywords (e.g. “endif”)
– This helps code remain readable, since it eliminates ambiguity (particularly when there
are blocks within blocks within blocks) and makes all Python code visually consistent
33
if (status == 'complete')
cout << 'All done!';
saveResults();
C++
!
if (status == 'complete'){
saveResults();
}
C++
if (status == 'complete'){
saveResults();
}
C++
if (status == 'complete')
{
saveResults();
}
C++
if status == 'complete':
print('All done!')
save_results()
Python if (status == "complete")
{
cout << "All done!";
save_results();
}
C++

Our Programming Environment
• Obtaining Python is as simple as downloading it from python.org and installing it
like any other program – a guide is available on Blackboard for Windows or Mac
• The quickest and easiest way to get started is to run IDLE, the integrated
development environment (IDE) for Python
– This opens a “Python Shell” window, indicated by a “>>>”, where you can type
Python code and it will be run immediately
• The Python shell is useful for quickly trying and testing bits of code, but most of
the time you will want to create a file so that you can code a Python program
– Press Ctrl+N or go to “File > New File” to create a new file
(of course, you can also open existing Python code files)
– This opens a “Python Editor” window which you can type multiple lines of code into,
before saving (Ctrl+S) and running (F5) the code
– Output from the code and prompts for input appear in the Shell window
34

• Python Editor
– Type code into file to create program
– Save file with Ctrl+S or File > Save
– Run program by pressing F5
• Right click a Python file and select
“Edit with IDLE” to open it for editing
– (or double-click it if using a Mac)
• Python Shell
– Type code to run it immediately
– Shows input and output of programs
Run the file
(F5)
Our Programming Environment
35
Save the file
(Ctrl+S)

A Simple Program
• Let’s look at a simple program to convert pounds to kilos:
• Each line in the program is a statement; a single step:
1. Prompt the user for a value and save it as “value”
2. Multiply “value” by 0.454, and save the result as “result”
3. Display the result
• Python does not require a “;” after each statement
– Many languages do require this – see slide notes for why!
36
Prompt the user for a value in pounds
Multiply the value by 0.454
Show the result on the screen
Pseudocode
# convert pounds to kilograms
value = input('Enter a value in pounds: ')
result = float(value) * 0.454
print(value, 'pounds is', result, 'kilograms')
Python
Result = value *
0.454
Get value
Display
result

Variables
• This program introduces the concept of variables
– A variable allows you to associate a value with a name
– The variable name can then be used in future statements to refer to the value that it
contains (which is stored in memory)
– This is useful, since programs need to use values that are not known in advance
(e.g. the result of user input or a calculation)
• To overwrite the value that a variable contains, simply assign a new value to it:
example = 2
print(example)
2
example = 'Now it contains this text!'
print(example)
Now it contains this text!
Python
37

Variables
• We have seen examples of assigning a value to a variable
– <variable name> = <value to assign>
example = 'This is an example!'
– There is likely to be input needed or calculations to perform before arriving at a value
– Everything to the right of the “=” will be evaluated, and the final value assigned to the variable
• We have also seen examples of variables being used
– Simply refer to the name of the variable where it is needed
– The type of value that the variable contains may need to be taken into account
e.g. converting a string (text) to a float – more on this next week!
38

Variables
• Variables names should describe what they represent
– If the name involves multiple words, use a consistent naming convention, e.g.
total_value (Python’s recommendation) or TotalValue
– Variable names must begin with a letter, and usually cannot contain any spaces or
special symbols such as @, # or *
– In many languages (including Python), variable names are case-sensitive
– Avoid variable names that match the name of a command or function of the language,
as this will either not work, cause problems, or be confusing
• Always make your variable names clear and consistent
• In some languages, all variable names must begin with a certain symbol – this
helps to make them easy to spot (both for humans, and the language)
– e.g. Variables names in PHP begin with a “$”, e.g. $total
41

Comments
• Comments are descriptive or informative text that can be added to source code
to assist humans reading the code
– They do nothing; When code is run, comments are ignored
– Usually shown in green, however IDLE shows them in red by default
• Comments are used for a few key reasons:
– Summarising the functionality of a code section
– Providing details about complex or confusing statements
– Providing metadata about a file or code section (e.g. author details)
# single line comment
''' multi
line
comment
'''
Python // single line comment
/* multi
line
comment
*/
Most Languages
42

A Simple Program
• Let’s get back to our simple program…
• In each statement, we have used one of the many built-in functions of Python:
input(), float() and print()
– Functions are the commands of a language that you can use to do things
•input() shows a prompt and then waits for user input
•float() converts a value to a floating point number
•print() displays text on the screen
– The parentheses let you provide data for the function to make use of,
e.g. the text to show as a prompt for input, a value to convert, text to display…
– Functions often return a value as a result – e.g. the user’s input, a converted value…
43
Python

A Simple Program
• We now have a good understanding of the program code…
1. Use the input() function to prompt the user for a value, and store that value in a
variable named “value”
2. Use the float() function to convert the value to a floating point number, multiply
it by 0.454 and store the result in a variable named “result”
3. Use the print() function to display the result in a user friendly way
44
Python
Enter a value in pounds:
2 pounds is 0.908 kilograms
2

Concatenation & the Print Function
• It is worthwhile to look a little closer at the print()function
• Python’s print() function allows you to give it as many values as you want
– The code above gives it two variables and two strings of text, with commas between
– The values will all be converted to strings (text) as needed, and then joined together
with a space between each one. The end result is then displayed on the screen
• A more generic approach to joining (i.e. “concatenating”) strings and other values
is to convert non-string values to strings and concatenate them with a “+” sign
– This is also supported in Python – The str() function converts a value to a string:
– Which approach you take is up to you! Sometimes the automatic conversion and
inclusion of spaces is useful, other times you want more control…
45
print(value, 'pounds is', result, 'kilograms') Python
print(value + ' pounds is ' + str(result) + ' kilograms') Python

Conclusion
• A lot of this lecture covered preliminary information
– The concept of programming and reasons for learning it
– The capabilities and role of computers
– Types of programming languages and their implementation
• We introduced the important concept of program design
– Using pseudocode and flowcharts to design and depict code
• We became familiar with the Python programming language
– History and design of Python and the IDLE environment
• We looked at a simple program that introduced concepts of statements,
variables, comments and built-in functions
– We discussed how concatenation is handled in languages
46

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