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![– D AV I D D E U T C H
“Computing machines resembling the universal quantum
computer could, in principle, be built and would have many
remarkable properties not reproducible by any Turing
machine … Complexity theory for [such machines] deserves
further investigation.”
3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/redteamsecuritysummit2019qc-191013063942/85/Quantum-Computing-A-History-in-the-Making-3-320.jpg)
![– D AV I D D E U T C H
“Computing machines resembling the universal quantum
computer could, in principle, be built and would have many
remarkable properties not reproducible by any Turing
machine … Complexity theory for [such machines] deserves
further investigation.”
3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/redteamsecuritysummit2019qc-191013063942/75/Quantum-Computing-A-History-in-the-Making-3-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byGokul Alex
Quantum Computing - A History in the Making
The document chronicles the evolution of quantum computing, highlighting key milestones, concepts, and the contributions of notable scientists from the inception of the field to present-day advancements. It details the advancements in quantum algorithms, types of quantum computers, and current applications being explored in industries like automotive and energy. Additionally, it addresses the inherent properties of various quantum computing models, including superconducting, neutral atoms, and quantum dots.
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Quantum Computing - A History in the Making
- 1. Q U AN T U M C O M P U T I N G PA S T, P R E S E N T, F U T U R E 1
- 2. – R IC H A R D F E Y N M A N “Trying to find a computer simulation of physics, seems to me to be an excellent program to follow out...and I'm not happy with all the analyses that go with just the classical theory, because nature isn’t classical, dammit, and if you want to make a simulation of nature, you'd better make it quantum mechanical, and by golly it's a wonderful problem because it doesn't look so easy.” 2
- 3. – D AVI D D E U T C H “Computing machines resembling the universal quantum computer could, in principle, be built and would have many remarkable properties not reproducible by any Turing machine … Complexity theory for [such machines] deserves further investigation.” 3
- 4. H I ST O RY O F Q U A N T U M C O M P U T I N G 4
- 5.
- 6. Q U AN T U M L E A P S • 1960 - Stephen Wiesner invents conjugate coding • 1973 - Alexander Holevo publishes a paper showing that n qubits can carry more than n classical bits of information, but at most n classical bits are accessible (a result known as "Holevo's theorem" or "Holevo's bound”). • 1975 - R. P. Poplavskii publishes "Thermodynamical models of information processing in which he showed the computational infeasibility of simulating quantum systems on classical computers, due to the superposition principle. • 1976 - Polish mathematical physicist Roman Stanisław Ingarden publishes a seminal paper entitled "Quantum Information Theory" 6
- 7. Q U AN T U M L E A P S • 1980 - Yuri Manin proposes Quantum Computer Model • 1980 - Physicist Paul Benioff suggests quantum mechanics could be used for computation • 1981 - Nobel winning physicist Richard Feynman at CalTech coins the term quantum computer • 1981 - Tommaso Toffoli introduces the reversible Toffoli gate, which, together with the NOT and XOR gates provides a universal set for reversible classical computation • 1985 - Physicist David Deutsch at Oxford developed the quantum Turing machine, showing that quantum circuits are universal. 7
- 8. Q U AN T U M L E A P S • 1994 - Mathematician Peter Shor at Bell Labs writes an algorithm that could tap a quantum computer’s power to break widely used forms of encryption • 1997 - Lov Grover develops a quantum search algorithm with O(√N) complexity • 2007 - D-Wave, a Canadian StartUp announces a quantum computing chip that claims to solve Sudoku Puzzles, triggering years of debate • 2013 - Google teams up with NASA to fund a lab to try out D-Wave hardware 8
- 9. Q U AN T U M L E A P S • 2014 - Google hires the professor behind some of the best quantum computer hardware to lead its new quantum hardware lab • 2016 - IBM puts some of its prototype quantum processor on the internet for anyone to experiment with, saying programmers need to get ready to write quantum code • 2017 - StartUp Rigetti opens up its own Quantum Computer fabrication facility to build prototype hardware and complete with Google and IBM 9
- 10. Q U AN T U M B U S I N E S S • Daimler and Volkswagen have both started investigating quantum computing as a way to improve battery chemistry for electric vehicles • Microsoft says other use cases could include designing new catalysts to make industrial processes less energy intensive, or even to pull carbon dioxide out of atmosphere to mitigate climate change • Google has been exploring Quantum Computing for ultra fast internet search since at least 2009 10
- 11. G O OG L E B R I S T L E C O N E Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R S U P E R C O N D U C T I N G Q U B I T M O D E L 11
- 12. G O OG L E S Y C A M O R E Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R S U P E R C O N D U C T I N G Q U B I T M O D E L 12
- 13. D - WAVE Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R Q U A N T U M A N N E A L I N G M O D E L 13
- 14. I B M5 3 Q U B I T Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R S U P E R C O N D U C T I N G M O D E L 14
- 15. I N TE L 4 9 Q U B I T Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R S U P E R C O N D U C T I N G M O D E L 15
- 16. I N TE L C R E AT E S Q U A N T U M C O M P U T I N G T E S T I N G T O O L C A L L E D C RY O G E N WA F E R P R O B E R 16
- 17. R I GE T T I Q U A N T U M C O M P U T I N G 17
- 18. I B MQ I S K I T Q I S A Q U A , Q I S T E R A , Q I S I G N I S 18
- 19. I B MQ I S K I T A Q U A Q U A N T U M C H E M I S T RY T O Q U A N T U M O P T I M I S AT I O N 19
- 20. X A NA D U S T R A W B E R RY F I E L D S Q U A N T U M A I 20
- 21. X A NA D U Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R P H O T O N I C Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R S 21
- 22. H O W QU A N T U M C O M P U T E R S W O R K ? 22
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- 25. T Y PE O F Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R S • Adiabatic / Annealing • Superconducting • Trapped Ion • Cold / Neutral Atom • Spin / Quantum Dot • Photonic • NV Diamond • Topological 25
- 26. N E UT R A L AT O M Q U A N T U M C O M P U T I N G 26
- 27. N E UT R A L AT O M Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R S • Neutral Atoms as Quantum Bits assembled into tailored array of atoms • Optical Engineering Methods to sort atoms into arbitrary 3D patterns • Lasers are used to trap arrays of atoms within glass chambers • More qubits can be packed into a small space by taking advantage of the third dimension. 27
- 28. N E UT R A L AT O M Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R S • Because neutral atoms lack electric charge and interact reluctantly with other atoms, they would make poor qubits. • But by using specifically timed laser pulses, physicists can excite an atom's outermost electron and move it away from the nucleus, inflating the atom to billions of times its usual size. • Once in this so-called Rydberg state, the atom behaves more like an ion, interacting electromagnetically with neighboring atoms and preventing them from becoming Rydberg atoms themselves. 28
- 29. N E UT R A L AT O M Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R S • Physicists can exploit that behavior to create entanglement—the quantum state of interdependence needed to perform a computation. • If two adjacent atoms are excited into superposition, where both are partially in a Rydberg state and partially in their ground state, a measurement will collapse the atoms to one or the other state. • But because only one of the atoms can be in its Rydberg state, the atoms are entangled, with the state of one depending on the state of the other. 29
- 30. N E UT R A L AT O M Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R S • Once entangled, neutral atoms offer some inherent advantages. Atoms need no quality control: They are by definition identical. • They're much smaller than silicon-based qubits, which means, in theory, more qubits can be packed into a small space. • The systems operate at room temperature, whereas superconducting qubits need to be placed inside a bulky freezer. • And because neutral atoms don't interact easily, they are more immune to outside noise and can hold onto quantum information for a relatively long time. other atoms, they would seem to make poor qubits. 30
- 31. Q U AN T U M D O T C O M P U T I N G 31
- 32. Q U AN T U M D O T S The nanocrystal semiconductor particles have the ability to convert light energy and electrical energy and vice versa in an efficient and stable way that could revolutionise the way computers work. silicon-based quantum computers can be built using atomically engineered phosphorus donors, quantum dots using CMOS technology and hybrids. It is also known as Loss-DiVincenzo quantum computer Quantum Dot Computer can also be made in spatial-based qubit given by electron position in double quantum dot 32
- 33. Q U AN T U M D O T S A quantum dot creates an electric field ‘well’ that is too deep for the electron to escape, allowing individual electrons to be confined to a space just a few nanometers across. Properties of Quantum Dot Computers are : Identically well defined qubits Reliable State Preparation Low decoherence Accurate quantum gate operations Strong Quantum Measurements 33
- 34. Q U AN T U M D O T O P E R AT I O N A L M O D E L The Loss–DiVincenzo quantum computer operates, basically, using inter-dot gate voltage for implementing Swap (computer science) operations and local magnetic fields (or any other local spin manipulation) for implementing the Controlled NOT gate (CNOT gate). 34
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- 36. Q U AN T U M C O M P U T I N G S TA R T U P S 36
- 37. H O WT O B U I L D A Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R ? 37
- 38. Q U AN T U M C O M P U T E R H A R D WA R E D E S I G N • The Quantum Computer Hardware for a gate based model can be abstracted in four layers • Qubits reside in the Quantum Data Plane • Operations and measurements on the Qubits in the Control and Measurement Plane • Sequence of operations and measurements for algorithms in Control Processor Plane • Host processor handles access to networks, large storage arrays, and user interfaces 38
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- 45. Q U AN T U M C O M P U TAT I O N A N D Q U A N T U M I N F O R M AT I O N B Y M I C H E A L N I E L S O N A N D I S S A C C H U N G H O W T O B E G I N Y O U R Q U A N T U M C O M P U T I N G J O U R N E Y 45