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- Two debuggers were developed for the Xen hypervisor environment: kdb for low-level debugging of the hypervisor and dom0 kernel, and gdbsx which allows source-level debugging of guest virtual machines. - gdbsx is a simple stub that runs on dom0 and connects guest VMs to gdb for full debugging support. Memory access is done through hypercalls to the hypervisor for simplicity. - kdb is implemented fully in the hypervisor to allow debugging the hypervisor and dom0. It supports examining registers, memory, setting breakpoints, single stepping individual CPUs, and viewing detailed information on domains and VCPUs.