Introduction to Open Systems
Networking
OPENNET
2nd Trimester SY 2010-2011
Engr. Julius S. Cansino
What is an Open System ?
- An open system is best loosely defined as one for which
the architecture is not a secret.
- A system which is built using publicly available international or
national standards that promote interoperability
INTEROPERABILITY
The ability of software and hardware on multiple machines from
multiple vendors to communicate
INTERNETWORKING
The interconnection of two or more networks, usually local area
networks, so that data can pass between hosts on the different
networks as though they were one network. This requires a router or
gateway.
Open source software
• canbe defined as computer software for
which the human-readable source code is
made available under a copyright license
that meets the Open Source Definition.
This permits users to use, change, and
improve the software, and to redistribute it
in modified or unmodified form
Example of an Open System
LINUX
Linux is an example of an open software platform.
- The source code for the Linux operating system was made available
to anyone who wanted it, almost from the start.
- Since its source code is well understood and easy to work with, it has
been, and can be, ported to run on practically any hardware
platform, eliminating all proprietary dependencies.
- This means a Linux user can run software from other Linux
platforms, files are compatible from one Linux system to another,
and a wide variety of vendors sell products for Linux.
Open Systems Netwoking
- Open system networking refers to a network based on a well-
known and understood protocol that has its standards published
and readily available to anyone who wants to use them
Three network services which are widely used and account for
the highest percentage of network traffic:
File transfer
Electronic mail
Remote login
Terminologies and Notations
To better understand open systems networking, the following
terms should be understood:
Packets. A uniform chunk of data including header and trailer information.
The amount of data in a packet and the composition of the header
can change depending on the communications protocol as well as
some system limitations
Entities. A layer can have more than one part to it. The transport layer, for
instance, can have routines that verify checksums as well as
routines that handle resending packets that didn’t transfer correctly.
Not all routines may be active at once. The active routines are called
entities
Terminologies and Notations
(continued)
N Notation. The notations N, N+1, N+2, and so on are used to identify a
layer
and the layers that are related to it.
N-Functions. Each layer performs N-functions. The functions are different
things the layer does. Functions and entities can be
the same thing.
N-Facilities. These uses the hierarchical layer structure to express the idea
that one layer provides a set of facilities to the next higher
layer.
Services. The entire set of N-facilities provided to the N+1-entities is
called the N-service.
An N-service user is a user of a service provided by the N
layer to the next higher (N+1) layer.
An N-service provider is the set of N-entities that are involved in
Terminologies and Notations
(continued)
Encapsulation. The addition of control information to a packet of data.
The control data contains addressing details, checksums
for error detection, and protocol control functions.
Protocols. The manner in which communications take place. A computer
protocol is a set of rules that coordinates the exchange of
information between computers. It defines what is
communicated, how it is communicated and when it is
communicated, usually referred to as the syntax, semantics, and
timing.
Protocol Data Unit. Data sent between two machines.
Protocol Header
Protocol Control Information
The information about the datagram to which it is attached. It is usually
assembled into a block that is attached to the front of the data it
accompanies, thus is is called a header or protocol header.
App PCI User data
Pres PCI Application layer data
Session PCI Presentation layer data
Trans PCI Session layer data
Network PCI Transport layer data
D. Link PCI Network layer data
Phys. PCI Data link layer data
