Computational Finance and Risk Management
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The quantmod package
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September, 2011
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Guy Yollin
Principal Consultant, r-programming.org Visiting Lecturer, University of Washington
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Outline
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Introduction to R for Finance Introduction to data retrieval and charting
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Time series in R More data retrieval
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Technical indicators and TTR High frequency example
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Outline
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Introduction to R for Finance Introduction to data retrieval and charting
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Time series in R More data retrieval
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Technical indicators and TTR High frequency example
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The R programming language
R ismm a language and environment for statistical computing and 40 60 80 100 graphics
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R is based on the S language originally developed by John Chambers and 40 colleagues at AT&T Bell Labs in the late 1970s and 1980s R (sometimes called GNU S ) is free open source software licensed under the GNU general public license (GPL 2)
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R development was initiated by Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka at the University of Auckland, New Zealand in the early 1990s R is 80 formally known as The R Project for Statistical Computing
www.r-project.org
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R timeline
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1991 Statistical Models in S (white book) S3 methods 1984 S: An Interactive Envirnoment for Data Analysis and Graphics 1988 (Brown Book) The New S Language Written in C (Blue Book) Work on S Version 1
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1999 John Chambers 1998 ACM Software Award
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2001 R 1.4.0 (S4)
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1993 R on Statlib 1997 R on CRAN GNU Project
2000 R 1.0.0 (S3)
2002 Modern Applied Statistics with S 4th Edition (S+ 6.x, R 1.5.0)
2004 R 2.0.0
2010 R&R Given ASA Statistical Computing and Graphics Award
1976
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S-PLULS developed by Statistical Sciences, Inc. 1988 StatSci Licenses S 1993 Modern Applied Statistics with S-PLUS 1994 Modern Applied Statistics with S-PLUS 2nd Edition 1997 Modern Applied Statistics with S-PLUS Programming with Data 3rd Edition (Green Book) (S+ 2000, 5.x) (S+ 5.x) (R complements) 1998 1999
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Exponential growth of R Users and R packages
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S era
S-PLUS era
R era
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Finance Task View
There are many R packages for computational nance; a description of mm 40 60 80 120 these packages can be found on the Finance Task View of100 CRAN:
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http://cran.r-project.org/web/views/Finance.html
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R-SIG-FINANCE
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https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/ listinfo/r-sig-finance Nerve center of the R nance community Daily must read Exclusively for Finance-specic 60 questions, not general R questions
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Packages for trading system development in R
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PerformanceAnalytics: Econometric tools for performance and risk analysis
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Performance metrics and graphs
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quantstrat: quantitative strategy model framework blotter: tools for transaction-oriented trading systems development
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Quantitative trading rules and trading accouting
quantmod: quantitative financial modelling framework TTR: technical trading rules
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Data access, charting, indicators
xts: extensible time series
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zoo: ordered observations
Time series objects
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Lecture references
quantmod package mm 40
60 80 100 Jerey Ryans quantmod website: http://www.quantmod.com/ quantmod project page on R-forge: http://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/quantmod 40 Joshua Ulrichs Foss Trading blog: http://blog.fosstrading.com/ TTR project page on R-forge: 60 http://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/ttr/ 120
TTR package
xts package
xts project page on R-forge: http://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/xts/ 80
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R-forge
R-forge is a hosting platform for R package development which mm 40 60 80 100 120 includes SVN, daily build and check, mailing lists, bug tracking, message boards etc. More then 1000 R packages are hosted on R-forge including all of the 40 trading system development packages mentioned earlier It is common for new packages to be developed on R-forge and for mature packages to be maintained on R-forge even after being hosted on CRAN
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R-forge packages can be installed as follows:
R Code: Install packages from R-forge
> install.packages("xts", repos = "http://R-Forge.R-project.org",lib=.Library) 80 > install.packages("TTR", repos = "http://R-Forge.R-project.org",lib=.Library) > install.packages("quantmod",repos="http://R-Forge.R-project.org",lib=.Library)
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Outline
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Introduction to R for Finance Introduction to data retrieval and charting
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Time series in R More data retrieval
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Technical indicators and TTR High frequency example
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The quantmod package
The quantmod package for R is designed to assist the quantitative trader mm 40 60 80 100 120 in the development, testing, and deployment of statistically based trading models. Key functions: getSymbols load or download price data 40 Yahoo Finance / Google Finance FRED Oanda csv, RData 60 MySQL, SQLite chartSeries charting tool to create standard nancial charts
Author: 80 Jerey Ryan
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The getSymbols function
The getSymbols function loads (downloads) historic price data
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R Code: The getSymbols function
> library(quantmod) > args(getSymbols) function (Symbols = NULL, env = .GlobalEnv, reload.Symbols = FALSE, 40 verbose = FALSE, warnings = TRUE, src = "yahoo", symbol.lookup = TRUE, auto.assign = TRUE, ...) NULL
Main arguments: 60 Symbols src symbols to be loaded source of the data
Return value: 80 a time series object
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The getSymbols function
R Code: Download prices from Yahoo
> getSymbols("^GSPC")
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[1] "GSPC" > ls() [1] "GSPC" > showSymbols() 40 GSPC "yahoo" > first(GSPC) GSPC.Open GSPC.High GSPC.Low GSPC.Close GSPC.Volume GSPC.Adjusted 60 2007-01-03 > last(GSPC) 2011-09-06 GSPC.Open GSPC.High GSPC.Low GSPC.Close GSPC.Volume GSPC.Adjusted 1173.97 1173.97 1140.13 1165.24 5103980000 1165.24 1418.03 1429.42 1407.86 1416.6 3429160000 1416.6
> class(GSPC) [1] "xts" "zoo"
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The chartSeries function
The chartSeries function creates nancial charts
40 R Code: mm chartSeries function 60 The
> args(chartSeries) function (x, type = c("auto", "candlesticks", "matchsticks", "bars", "line"), subset = NULL, show.grid = TRUE, name = NULL, time.scale = NULL, log.scale = FALSE, TA = "addVo()", TAsep = ";", 40 line.type = "l", bar.type = "ohlc", theme = chartTheme("black"), layout = NA, major.ticks = "auto", minor.ticks = TRUE, yrange = NULL, plot = TRUE, up.col, dn.col, color.vol = TRUE, multi.col = FALSE, ...) NULL
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60 Main arguments: x an OHLC object type style of chart to draw theme a chart.theme object 80 subset xts style date subsetting argument TA a vector of technical indicators and params
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The chartSeries function
R Code: The chartSeries function
mm > chartSeries(GSPC,subset="2011",theme="white") 40 60
GSPC
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Customize a chartSeries plot
R Code: Customize a chartSeries plot
mm > whiteTheme <- chartTheme("white") 40 > names(whiteTheme)
[1] [6] [11] [16] [21] > > > > > > "fg.col" "major.tick" "dn.dn.col" "up.up.border" 40 "area" "bg.col" "up.col" "up.dn.col" "dn.dn.border" "fill"
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"grid.col" "dn.col" "up.border" "up.dn.border" "Expiry"
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"border" "dn.up.col" "dn.border" "main.col" "theme.name"
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"minor.tick" "up.up.col" "dn.up.border" "sub.col"
whiteTheme$bg.col <- "white" whiteTheme$dn.col <- "pink" whiteTheme$up.col <- "lightgreen" whiteTheme$border <- "lightgray" 60 x <- chartSeries(GSPC,subset="2011",theme=whiteTheme,TA=NULL) class(x)
[1] "chob" attr(,"package") [1] "quantmod"
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totally white background no volume sub-graph (TA=NULL)
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A chartSeries plot
GSPC [20110103/20110906]
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Outline
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Introduction to R for Finance Introduction to data retrieval and charting
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Time series in R More data retrieval
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Technical indicators and TTR High frequency example
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Time series data
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Almost all data related to trading is a time series: market data
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technical analysis indicators trades
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P&L
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Time series data
Time series
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A time series is a sequence of observations in chronological order
Time series object
40 A time series object in R is a compound data object that includes a data matrix as well as a vector of associated time stamps
class 60 ts mts timeSeries zoo 80 xts
Guy Yollin (Copyright
package base base rmetrics zoo xts
2011)
overview regularly spaced time series multiple regularly spaced time series default for Rmetrics packages reg/irreg and arbitrary time stamp classes an extension of the zoo class
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Time series methods
Time series classes in R will typically implement the following methods:
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start return start of time series end return end of time series frequency return frequency of time series window Extract subset of time series index return time index of time series time return time index of time series
60 coredata return data of time series 40
diff dierence of the time series lag lag of the time series aggregate aggregate to lower resolution time series 80 cbind merge 2 or more time series together
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The zoo package
The zoomm package provides an infrastructure for regularly-spaced and 40 60 80 100 irregularly-space time series Key functions: zoo merge
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create a zoo time series object merges time series (automatically handles of time alignment)
aggregate create coarser resolution time series with summary statistics rollapply calculate rolling window statistics readzoo 60read a text le into a zoo time series object Authors: Achim Zeileis
80 Gabor Grothendieck
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The xts package
40 80 100 120 The xtsmm package extends the zoo60 time series class with ne-grained time indexes, interoperability with other R time series classes, and user dened attributes
Key functions: xts
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create an xts time series object convert time series data to an OHLC series
align.time align time series to a coarser resolution to.period [.xts Authors: Jerey Ryan Josh80 Ulrich
60 subset time series
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Components of an xts object
mm 40 60 An xts object is composed of 3 components: 80 100 120
Index
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a Data class or Time-Date class used for the time-stamp of observations the time series observations (univariate or multivariate) can be numeric, character, logical, etc. but must be homogeneous
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Matrix
Attr
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hidden attributes and user attributes class of the index format of the index time zone
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Date class
Date Dates are represented as the number of days since 1970-01-01
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R Code: Date class examples
> myStr <- "2011-07-04" > class(myStr) [1] "character" 40 > myDate <- as.Date(myStr) > class(myDate) [1] "Date" > as.numeric(myDate) 60 [1] 15159 > format(myDate,"%m/%d/%y") [1] "07/04/11"
80 > as.Date("110704",format="%y%m%d")
[1] "2011-07-04"
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Date-time classes
POSIXct
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represents time and date as the number of seconds since 40 60 80 100 120 1970-01-01 represents time and date as 9 calendar and time components
POSIXlt
40 R Code: POSIXct and POSIXlt examples
> d <- Sys.time() > class(d) [1] "POSIXct" "POSIXt"
60 > unclass(d)
[1] 1315440935 > sapply(unclass(as.POSIXlt(d)), function(x) x) sec 34.94161 isdst 0.00000 min
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hour 0.00000
mday 8.00000
mon year 8.00000 111.00000
wday yday 4.00000 250.00000
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xts subsetting
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xts time series objects can be easily subset: Date and time organized from most signicant to least signicant
CCYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS[.s] 40
Separators can be omitted
CCYYMMDDHHMMSS 60 Intervals can be designated with the / or :: 2010/2011 2011-04::2011-07 80
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xts subsetting
R Code: Subset xts object
mm 40 60 80 > chartSeries(GSPC["2011"],theme=whiteTheme,name="S&P 500")
S&P 500
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xts subsetting
R Code: Subset xts object
mm 40 60 80 100 > chartSeries(GSPC["2010/2011"],theme=whiteTheme,name="S&P 500")
S&P 500
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xts subsetting
R Code: Subset xts object
mm 40 60 80 > chartSeries(GSPC["201107"],theme=whiteTheme,name="S&P 500")
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xts subsetting
R Code: Subset xts object
mm 40 60 80 100 > chartSeries(GSPC["2011-04::2011-07"],theme=whiteTheme,name="S&P 500")
S&P 500
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Outline
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Introduction to R for Finance Introduction to data retrieval and charting
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Time series in R More data retrieval
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Technical indicators and TTR High frequency example
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2011)
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The getSymbols.yahoo function
The getSymbols.yahoo downloads symbols from nance.yahoo.com 120 mm 40 60 80 100
R Code: The getSymbols.yahoo function
> args(getSymbols.yahoo) function (Symbols, env, return.class = "xts", index.class = "Date", 40 from = "2007-01-01", to = Sys.Date(), ...) NULL
Arguments: return.class time series class of returned object 60 index.class class of date/time index from starting date of time series to ending date of time series
80 adjust
adjust time series for splits/dividends (T/F)
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Download historic quotes: specifying the start date
R Code: mm historic data from a specied start date Get 40 60 80
> getSymbols("SPY",from="2000-01-01") [1] "SPY" > head(SPY)
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40 SPY.Open SPY.High SPY.Low SPY.Close SPY.Volume SPY.Adjusted 2000-01-03 148.25 148.25 143.88 145.44 8164300 119.60 2000-01-04 143.53 144.06 139.64 139.75 8089800 114.92 2000-01-05 139.94 141.53 137.25 140.00 12177900 115.13 2000-01-06 139.63 141.50 137.75 137.75 6227200 113.28 2000-01-07 140.31 145.75 140.06 145.75 8066500 119.85 2000-01-1060 146.25 146.91 145.03 146.25 5741700 120.27
> head(index(SPY)) [1] "2000-01-03" "2000-01-04" "2000-01-05" "2000-01-06" "2000-01-07" "2000-01-10" > class(index(SPY)) [1] "Date"
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Download historic quotes: specifying the time stamp class
R Code: Get historic data and return a time-date class
mm 40 60 80 > getSymbols("SBUX",index.class="POSIXct",from="2000-01-01")
[1] "SBUX" > head(SBUX)
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SBUX.Open SBUX.High SBUX.Low SBUX.Close SBUX.Volume SBUX.Adjusted 2000-01-0340 23.87 24.69 23.25 24.66 12136400 6.01 2000-01-04 24.06 24.87 23.75 23.87 10795200 5.82 2000-01-05 23.94 24.62 23.69 24.19 14116400 5.90 2000-01-06 24.00 25.62 24.00 25.06 15420000 6.11 2000-01-07 24.75 25.00 24.25 24.94 13035200 6.08 2000-01-10 25.87 26.75 25.81 26.00 14535600 6.34 > head(index(SBUX)) [1] "2000-01-03 UTC" "2000-01-04 UTC" "2000-01-05 UTC" "2000-01-06 UTC" [5] "2000-01-07 UTC" "2000-01-10 UTC" > class(index(SBUX)) [1] "POSIXct" "POSIXt" > chartSeries(SBUX,theme=whiteTheme)
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Unadjusted SBUX data
SBUX [20000103/20110907]
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Get stock splits and dividend history
R Code: Get stock splits and dividend history
> (spl <- getSplits("SBUX"))
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SBUX.spl 1993-09-30 0.5 1995-12-04 0.5 1999-03-22 0.5 2001-04-30 0.5 2005-10-2440 0.5 > class(spl) [1] "xts" "zoo" > (div <- getDividends("SBUX"))
60 [,1] 2010-04-05 0.10 2010-08-02 0.13 2010-11-16 0.13 2011-02-07 0.13 2011-05-09 0.13 2011-08-0880 0.13
> class(div) [1] "xts" "zoo"
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The adjustOHLC function
The adjustOHLC adjusts all columns of an OHLC object for split and 40 60 80 100 120 dividendmm
R Code: The adjustOHLC function
> args(adjustOHLC) function (x, adjust = c("split", "dividend"), use.Adjusted = FALSE, 40 ratio = NULL, symbol.name = deparse(substitute(x))) NULL
Arguments:
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an OHLC object
use.Adjusted calculated from dividends and splits (F), or used Adjusted price column (T) Note from package author:
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Using use.Adjusted = TRUE will be less precise than the method that employs actual split and dividend information.
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Adjust for split and dividend
R Code: mm for split40 dividend60 Adjust and
> head(SBUX) SBUX.Open SBUX.High SBUX.Low SBUX.Close SBUX.Volume SBUX.Adjusted 2000-01-03 23.87 24.69 23.25 24.66 12136400 6.01 2000-01-04 24.06 24.87 23.75 23.87 10795200 5.82 2000-01-0540 23.94 24.62 23.69 24.19 14116400 5.90 2000-01-06 24.00 25.62 24.00 25.06 15420000 6.11 2000-01-07 24.75 25.00 24.25 24.94 13035200 6.08 2000-01-10 25.87 26.75 25.81 26.00 14535600 6.34 > adj1 <- adjustOHLC(SBUX) > head(adj1)
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SBUX.Open SBUX.High SBUX.Low SBUX.Close SBUX.Volume SBUX.Adjusted 2000-01-03 5.821792 6.021786 5.670577 6.014470 12136400 6.01 2000-01-04 5.868132 6.065688 5.792524 5.821792 10795200 5.82 2000-01-05 5.838865 6.004714 5.777891 5.899839 14116400 5.90 2000-01-06 5.853498 6.248610 5.853498 6.112028 15420000 6.11 2000-01-07806.036420 6.097394 5.914472 6.082760 13035200 6.08 2000-01-10 6.309584 6.524212 6.294950 6.341290 14535600 6.34
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Compare adjustment methods
R Code: Adjust for split and dividend and compare results
mm > head(adj1)
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SBUX.Open SBUX.High SBUX.Low SBUX.Close SBUX.Volume SBUX.Adjusted 2000-01-03 5.821792 6.021786 5.670577 6.014470 12136400 6.01 2000-01-04 5.868132 6.065688 5.792524 5.821792 10795200 5.82 2000-01-05 5.838865 6.004714 5.777891 5.899839 14116400 5.90 2000-01-06405.853498 6.248610 5.853498 6.112028 15420000 6.11 2000-01-07 6.036420 6.097394 5.914472 6.082760 13035200 6.08 2000-01-10 6.309584 6.524212 6.294950 6.341290 14535600 6.34 > adj2 <- adjustOHLC(SBUX, use.Adjusted=TRUE) > head(adj2)
60 SBUX.Open SBUX.High SBUX.Low SBUX.Close SBUX.Volume SBUX.Adjusted 2000-01-03 5.817466 6.017311 5.666363 6.01 12136400 6.01 2000-01-04 5.866326 6.063821 5.790742 5.82 10795200 5.82 2000-01-05 5.839024 6.004878 5.778049 5.90 14116400 5.90 2000-01-06 5.851556 6.246536 5.851556 6.11 15420000 6.11 2000-01-07 6.033681 6.094627 5.911788 6.08 13035200 6.08 2000-01-10806.308300 6.522885 6.293669 6.34 14535600 6.34
> chartSeries(adj1,theme=whiteTheme,name="SBUX")
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Adjusted SBUX plot
SBUX [20000103/20110907]
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Download historic quotes: specifying adjusted OHLC
R Code: Get historic data and return adjusted OHLC
mm 40 60 80 100 > getSymbols("SBUX",index.class="POSIXct",from="2000-01-01",adjust=T)
[1] "SBUX" > head(SBUX) SBUX.Open SBUX.High SBUX.Low SBUX.Close SBUX.Volume SBUX.Adjusted 2000-01-03405.821792 6.021786 5.670577 6.014470 12440150 6.01 2000-01-04 5.868132 6.065688 5.792524 5.821792 11065383 5.82 2000-01-05 5.838865 6.004714 5.777891 5.899839 14469706 5.90 2000-01-06 5.853498 6.248610 5.853498 6.112028 15805932 6.11 2000-01-07 6.036420 6.097394 5.914472 6.082760 13361445 6.08 2000-01-10 6.309584 6.524212 6.294950 6.341290 14899398 6.34 > head(adj1) SBUX.Open SBUX.High SBUX.Low SBUX.Close SBUX.Volume SBUX.Adjusted 2000-01-03 5.821792 6.021786 5.670577 6.014470 12136400 6.01 2000-01-04 5.868132 6.065688 5.792524 5.821792 10795200 5.82 2000-01-05 5.838865 6.004714 5.777891 5.899839 14116400 5.90 2000-01-06805.853498 6.248610 5.853498 6.112028 15420000 6.11 2000-01-07 6.036420 6.097394 5.914472 6.082760 13035200 6.08 2000-01-10 6.309584 6.524212 6.294950 6.341290 14535600 6.34
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Federal reserve economic data
The function getSymbols can also be used to access data from the Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) database mm 40 60 80 100
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Download interest rate data from FRED
mm 40 R Code: Download interest rate data 60 from FRED 80
> getSymbols('DTB3',src='FRED') [1] "DTB3" > first(DTB3,'1 week')
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DTB3 1954-01-04 1.33 > last(DTB3,'1 week') DTB3 2011-08-2960 0.02 2011-08-30 0.01 2011-08-31 0.02 2011-09-01 0.02 2011-09-02 0.02 > chartSeries(DTB3,theme="white") 80
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Three-month U.S. Treasury bill rate
DTB3 [19540104/20110902]
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Outline
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Introduction to R for Finance Introduction to data retrieval and charting
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Time series in R More data retrieval
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Technical indicators and TTR High frequency example
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The TTR package
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The TTR package is a comprehensive collection of technical analysis indicators for R Key features: moving averages oscillators price channels trend indicators 60 Author: Joshua Ulrich
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Selected technical analysis indicators in TTR
Function stoch aroon BBands chaikinAD ROC CLV CMO EMA VWMA DonchianChannel EMV
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Description
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Function ADX ATR CCI
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Description
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stochastic oscillator Aroon indicator Bollinger bands Chaikin Acc/Dist rate of change Close Location Value Chande Momentum Oscillator exponential moving average volume weighted MA Donchian Channel Ease of Movement Value MA converge/diverge Relative Strength Index Trend Detection Index Vertical Horizontal Filter
Directional Movement Index Average True Range Commodity Channel Index Chaikin Volatility momentum indicator Chaikin Money Flow simple moving average double exp mov avg volume weighed avg price Detrended Price Oscillator volatility estimators Money Flow Index Parabolic Stop-and-Reverse Triple Smoothed Exponential Osc Williams Acc/Dist Zig Zag trend line
chaikinVolatility momentum CMF SMA DEMA VWAP DPO volatility MFI SAR TRIX williamsAD ZigZag
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MACD RSI TDI VHF WPR
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Williams % R
Technical Analysis from A to Z by Steven Achelis
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Calculate and plot Bollinger bands
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R Code: Plot and calculate Bollinger bands
> b <- BBands(HLC=HLC(SBUX["2011"]), n=20, sd=2) > tail(b,10) dn 2011-08-2440 33.83678 2011-08-25 33.90271 2011-08-26 34.03176 2011-08-29 34.20780 2011-08-30 34.24769 2011-08-31 34.24530 2011-09-0160 34.21113 2011-09-02 34.25267 2011-09-06 34.54411 2011-09-07 34.74668 mavg 37.24133 37.08908 36.93900 36.84324 36.81947 36.82068 36.86701 36.92300 37.04633 37.22483 up 40.64587 40.27544 39.84625 39.47869 39.39126 39.39607 39.52290 39.59333 39.54855 39.70299 pctB 0.4748383 0.4582998 0.4984514 0.7004892 0.7949691 0.8732743 0.7967595 0.6317563 0.5580152 0.8252080
> chartSeries(SBUX,TA='addBBands();addBBands(draw="p");addVo()', subset='2011',theme="white")
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Bollinger bands
SBUX
Last 39.18 Bollinger Bands (20,2) [Upper/Lower]: 39.703/34.747
[20110103/20110907]
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Volume (millions): 8,398,900
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MACD and DPO
40 R Code: mm MACD and DPO 60 80 100 120
> macd <- MACD( Cl(SBUX), 12, 26, 9, maType="EMA" ) > last(macd,'1 week') macd signal 2011-09-06 0.01005927 -0.4979056 2011-09-0740 0.34641082 -0.3290423 > priceDPO <- DPO(Cl(SBUX)) > tail(na.omit(priceDPO)) SBUX.Close 2011-08-22 -1.900 60 -0.052 2011-08-23 2011-08-24 0.244 2011-08-25 -0.945 2011-08-26 -0.261 2011-08-29 0.154
80 > chartSeries(SBUX, TA = "addMACD();addDPO()",subset="2011",theme=whiteTheme)
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MACD and DPO
SBUX
Last 39.18
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3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 2 0 2 4
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Detrended Price Oscillator (10): 0.130
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Experimental chart_Series chart
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R Code: Plot and calculate Bollinger bands
The chartSeries functions are in the process of being updated; quantmod functions incorporating an underscore in their name are experimental version 2 functions: chart Series add TA chart Theme
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> > > > > myTheme<-chart_theme() myTheme$col$up.col<-'lightgreen' myTheme$col$dn.col<-'pink' chart_Series(SBUX["2011"],theme=myTheme,name="SBUX") plot(add_BBands(on=1,sd=2,n=20,lwd=2,col=4))
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Experimental chart_Series chart
SBUX
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20110103 / 20110907
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Outline
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Introduction to R for Finance Introduction to data retrieval and charting
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Time series in R More data retrieval
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Technical indicators and TTR High frequency example
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High-frequency versus low-frequency time series analysis
High-frequency begins when indexing by date alone is not enough mm
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intra-day bars tick data
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High-frequency time series require formal time-based classes for 40 indexing Recommended classes for high-frequency time series:
xts (extensible time series) class 60 POSIXct/POSIXlt date-time class for indexing
Class time series class Low frequency zoo Date High Frequency xts POSIXlt
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time index class
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The strptime function
The strptime function converts character strings to POSIXlt date-time 40 60 80 100 120 objects mm
R Code: The strptime function
> args(strptime)
40 function (x, format, tz = "") NULL
Arguments:
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vector of character strings to be converted to POSIXlt objects
format date-time format specication tz timezone to use for conversion Return value: 80 POSIXlt object(s)
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The xts function
The function xts is the constructor function for extensible time-series mm 40 60 80 100 120 objects
R Code: The xts function
> library(xts) 40 > args(xts) function (x = NULL, order.by = index(x), frequency = NULL, unique = TRUE, tzone = Sys.getenv("TZ"), ...) NULL
Arguments: 60 x Return value:
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data matrix (or vector) with time series data
order.by vector of unique times/dates (POSIXct is recommended) xts object
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Read GBPUSD 30-minute bars
R Code: Read GBPUSD 30-minute bars
> fn1 <- "GBPUSD.txt" > dat <- read.table(file=fn1,sep=",",header=T,as.is=T) > head(dat) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Date Time Open High Low Close Up Down 10/20/2002 2330 1.5501 1.5501 1.5481 1.5482 0 0 40 10/21/2002 0 1.5481 1.5483 1.5472 1.5472 0 0 10/21/2002 30 1.5471 1.5480 1.5470 1.5478 0 0 10/21/2002 100 1.5477 1.5481 1.5471 1.5480 0 0 10/21/2002 130 1.5480 1.5501 1.5479 1.5493 0 0 10/21/2002 200 1.5492 1.5497 1.5487 1.5492 0 0
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> tm <- strptime(paste(dat[,"Date"], 60 sprintf("%04d",dat[,"Time"])),format="%m/%d/%Y %H%M") > class(tm) [1] "POSIXlt" "POSIXt" > head(tm) [1] "2002-10-20 23:30:00" "2002-10-21 00:00:00" "2002-10-21 00:30:00" [4] "2002-10-21 01:00:00" "2002-10-21 01:30:00" "2002-10-21 02:00:00"
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Create and plot xts object
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R Code: Create and plot xts object
> GBP <- xts(x=dat[,c("Open","High","Low","Close")],order.by=tm) > GBP <- GBP['2007'] > first(GBP,'4 hours')
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2007-01-01 17:30:00 2007-01-01 18:00:00 2007-01-01 18:30:00 2007-01-01 19:00:00 2007-01-01 19:30:00 60 2007-01-01 20:00:00 2007-01-01 20:30:00
Open 1.9649 1.9646 1.9645 1.9651 1.9651 1.9655 1.9653
High 1.9650 1.9648 1.9653 1.9652 1.9658 1.9657 1.9656
Low 1.9644 1.9641 1.9645 1.9647 1.9651 1.9650 1.9651
Close 1.9645 1.9644 1.9650 1.9650 1.9654 1.9654 1.9655
> barChart(GBP,TA='addSMA(n = 6, col = "red");addSMA(n = 45, col = "blue")', subset='2007-12-24/2007-12-26',theme="white",name="GBPUSD")
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GBPUSD crossover example
GBPUSD [20071224/20071226 23:30:00]
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Guy Yollin (Copyright
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GBPUSD crossover example with annotation
GBPUSD
20071224 / 20071226 23:30:00
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GBPUSD crossover example with annotation
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R Code: GBPUSD crossover example with annotation
> > > > > > fastMA <- SMA(Cl(GBP),n=6) slowMA <- SMA(Cl(GBP),n=45) 40 co <- fastMA > slowMA x <- which(co['2007-12-24/2007-12-26'])[1] ss <- GBP['2007-12-24/2007-12-26'] chart_Series(GBP,subset='2007-12-24/2007-12-26',theme=myTheme,name="GBPUSD", TA='add_SMA(n=6,col="red",lwd=2);add_SMA(n=45,col="blue",lwd=2)') > add_TA(ss[x,"Low"]-0.0005,pch=17,type="p",col="red", on=1,cex=2) 60 > text(x=x,y=ss[x,"Low"]-0.0005,"Crossover\nbar",pos=1)
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