Chapter 1
Introduction
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All material copyright 1996-2012
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
Computer
Networking: A
Top Down
Approach
6th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Addison-Wesley
March 2012
Introduction 1-1
Chapter 1: introduction
overview:
our goal:
whats the Internet?
get feel and
whats a protocol?
terminology
network edge; hosts, access
more depth, detail
net, physical media
later in course
network core: packet/circuit
approach:
switching, Internet structure
performance: loss, delay,
use Internet as
throughput
example
security
protocol layers, service models
history
Introduction 1-2
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
Introduction 1-3
Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view
PC
millions
of connected
computing devices:
hosts = end systems
running network apps
server
wireless
laptop
smartphone
communication
wireless
links
wired
links
links
global ISP
home
network
fiber, copper, radio,
satellite
transmission rate:
bandwidth
Packet
router
mobile network
switches: forward
packets (chunks of data)
routers and switches
regional ISP
institutional
network
Introduction 1-4
Fun internet appliances
Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster
IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/
Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use
Slingbox: watch,
control cable TV remotely
Internet
refrigerator
Internet phones
Introduction 1-5
Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view
Internet: network of
networks
mobile network
global ISP
Interconnected ISPs
protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype,
802.11
home
network
regional ISP
Internet standards
RFC: Request for comments
IETF: Internet Engineering Task
Force
IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standard
Committee
institutional
network
Introduction 1-6
Whats the Internet: a service view
mobile network
Infrastructure that provides
services to applications:
global ISP
Web, VoIP, email, games, ecommerce, social nets,
provides programming
interface to apps
home
network
hooks that allow sending and
receiving app programs to
connect to Internet
provides service options,
analogous to postal service
regional ISP
institutional
network
Introduction 1-7
Whats a protocol?
human protocols:
whats the time?
I have a question
introductions
specific msgs sent
specific actions taken
when msgs received,
or other events
network protocols:
machines rather than
humans
all communication
activity in Internet
governed by protocols
protocols define format, order
of msgs sent and received
among network entities, and
actions taken on msg
transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-8
Whats a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
response
Got the
time?
Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time
Q: other human
protocols?
Introduction 1-9
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
delay, loss, throughput in networks
protocol layers, service models
networks under attack: security
history
Introduction 1-10
A closer look at network structure:
network edge:
mobile network
hosts: clients and servers
servers often in data centers
access networks,
physical media:
wired, wireless
communication links
global ISP
home
network
regional ISP
network core:
interconnected
routers
network of networks
institutional
network
Introduction 1-11
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end
systems to edge
router?
residential access nets
institutional access
networks (school,
company)
mobile access networks
keep in mind:
bandwidth (bits per
second) of access
network?
shared or dedicated?
Introduction 1-12
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office
DSL
splitter
modem
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over
dedicated line to central office
telephone
network
DSLAM
ISP
DSL access
multiplexer
use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM
data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net (0-4 kHz)
< 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps / 4-50kHz)
< 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps / 50 kHz 1 MHz)
Introduction 1-13
Access net: cable network
cable headend
cable splitter
modem
V
I
D
E
O
V
I
D
E
O
V
I
D
E
O
V
I
D
E
O
V
I
D
E
O
V
I
D
E
O
D
A
T
A
D
A
T
A
C
O
N
T
R
O
L
Channels
frequency division multiplexing:
different channels transmitted
in different frequency bands
Introduction 1-14
Access net: cable network
cable headend
cable splitter
modem
data, TV transmitted at different
frequencies over shared cable
distribution network
CMTS
cable modem
termination system
ISP
HFC: hybrid fiber coax
asymmetric: up to 42,8 Mbps downstream transmission rate,
30,7 Mbps upstream transmission rate
network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
homes share access network to cable headend
unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office
Introduction 1-15
Access net: FTTH
split ottico
ONT
ONT
central office
ONT
OLT
Pon (passive Optical Network)
FTTH: Fiber To The Home
- an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) or switch at the Headend or Central
Office- it converts incoming traffic into laser pulses and sends them down the
fiber
- an Optical Network Terminal (ONT), media converter, or gateway in the home
-it converts the signals from light to electrical signals
Introduction 1-16
Access net: home network
wireless
devices
to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box
cable or DSL modem
wireless access
point (54 Mbps)
router, firewall, NAT
wired Ethernet (100 Mbps)
Introduction 1-17
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)
institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet
switch
institutional mail,
web servers
typically used in companies, universities, etc
10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch
Introduction 1-18
Wireless access networks
shared wireless access network connects end system to
router
via base station aka access point
wireless LANs:
within building (100 ft)
802.11b/g (WiFi): 11, 54
Mbps transmission rate
wide-area wireless access
provided by telco (cellular)
operator, 10s km
between 1 and 10 Mbps
3G, 4G: LTE
to Internet
to Internet
Introduction 1-19
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
takes application message
breaks into smaller chunks,
known as packets, of length L
bits
transmits packet into access
network at transmission rate R
two packets,
L bits each
link transmission rate,
aka link capacity, aka
link bandwidth
2 1
R: link transmission rate
host
packet
transmission
delay
time needed to
transmit L-bit
packet into link
L (bits)
R (bits/sec)
1-20
Physical media
bit: propagates between
transmitter/receiver pairs
physical link: what lies
between transmitter &
receiver
guided media:
signals propagate in
solid media: copper,
fiber, coax
unguided media:
signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
twisted pair (TP)
two insulated copper
wires
Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1
Gpbs Ethernet
Category 6: 10Gbps
Introduction 1-21
Physical media: coax, fiber
coaxial cable:
two concentric copper
conductors
bidirectional
broadband:
multiple channels on
cable
HFC
fiber optic cable:
glass fiber carrying light
pulses, each pulse a bit
high-speed operation:
high-speed point-to-point
transmission (e.g., 10s-100s
Gpbs transmission rate)
low error rate:
repeaters spaced far apart
immune to electromagnetic noise
Introduction 1-22
Physical media: radio
signal carried in
electromagnetic
spectrum
no physical wire
bidirectional
propagation
environment effects:
reflection
obstruction by objects
interference
radio link types:
terrestrial microwave
e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
LAN (e.g., WiFi)
11Mbps, 54 Mbps
wide-area (e.g., cellular)
3G cellular: ~ few Mbps
satellite
Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
multiple smaller channels)
270 msec end-end delay
geosynchronous versus low
altitude
Introduction 1-23
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
delay, loss, throughput in networks
protocol layers, service models
networks under attack: security
history
Introduction 1-24
The network core
mesh of
interconnected routers
packet-switching:
hosts break
application-layer
messages into packets
forward packets from
one router to the next,
across links on path
from source to
destination
each packet transmitted
at full link capacity
Introduction 1-25
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L bits
per packet
source
32 1
R bps
takes L/R seconds to transmit
(push out) L-bit packet into link
at R bps
store and forward: entire
packet must arrive at router
before it can be transmitted on
next link
R bps
destination
one-hop numerical
example:
L = 7.5 Mbits
R = 1.5 Mbps
one-hop transmission
delay = 5 sec
end-end delay = 2L/R (assuming zero
propagation delay)
Introduction 1-26
Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss
C
R = 100 Mb/s
A
B
R = 1.5 Mb/s
D
E
queue of packets
waiting for output link
queuing and loss:
If arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds
transmission rate of link for a period of time:
packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link
packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer)
fills up
Introduction 1-27
Two key network-core functions
routing: determines
source-destination route
taken by packets
routing algorithms
forwarding: move
packets from routers input
to appropriate router output
routing algorithm
local forwarding table
header value
0100
0101
0111
1001
output link
3
2
2
1
3 2
1
01
dest address in arriving
packets header
Network Layer 4-28
Alternative core: circuit switching
end-end resources allocated to,
reserved for call between
source & dest:
In diagram, each link has four
circuits.
call gets 2nd circuit in top link and
1st circuit in right link.
dedicated resources: no sharing
circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
circuit segment idle if not used by
call (no sharing)
Commonly used in traditional
telephone networks
Introduction 1-29
Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
Introduction 1-30
Packet switching versus circuit switching
packet switching allows more users to use network!
example:
1 Mb/s link
each user:
100 kb/s when active
active 10% of time
N
users
1 Mbps link
circuit-switching:
10 users
packet
switching:
with 35 users, probability > 10
active at same time is less
than .0004 *
Introduction 1-31
Packet switching versus circuit switching
is packet switching a slam dunk winner?
great for bursty data
resource sharing
simpler, no call setup
excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss
protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion
control
Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
still an unsolved problem
Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit
switching) versus on-demand allocation (packet-switching)?
Introduction 1-32
Internet structure: network of networks
End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs
(Internet Service Providers)
Residential, company and university ISPs
Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
Resulting network of networks is very complex
So that any two hosts can send packets to each
other
Evolution was driven by economics and national
policies
Lets take a stepwise approach to describe
current Internet structure
Internet structure: network of networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them
together?
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
connecting each access ISP
to each other directly doesnt
scale: O(N2) connections.
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to a global transit
ISP? Customer and provider ISPs have economic
agreement.
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
global
ISP
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be
competitors .
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
ISP A
access
net
ISP C
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
ISP B
access
net
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be
competitors . which must be interconnected
access
net
Internet exchange point
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
IXP
access
net
access
net
ISP A
IXP
access
net
ISP C
access
net
peering link
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
ISP B
access
net
Internet structure: network of networks
and regional networks may arise to connect
access nets to ISPS
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
IXP
access
net
access
net
ISP A
IXP
access
net
ISP C
access
net
regional net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
ISP B
access
net
Internet structure: network of networks
and content provider networks (e.g., Google,
Microsoft, Akamai ) may run their own network, to
bring services, content close to end users
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
IXP
access
net
ISP A
IXP
access
net
Content provider network
access
net
ISP B
ISP B
access
net
access
net
regional net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
Internet structure: network of networks
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
IXP
IXP
Regional ISP
access
ISP
access
ISP
Google
access
ISP
IXP
Regional ISP
access
ISP
access
ISP
access
ISP
access
ISP
access
ISP
at center: small # of well-connected large networks
tier-1 commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT), national &
international coverage
content provider network (e.g, Google): private network that connects it
data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs
Introduction 1-41
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint
POP: point-of-presence
to/from backbone
peering
to/from customers
Introduction 1-42
