Lee Tunnel

Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1200

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

25

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

222

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.50

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

72
1.05

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

29

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.40

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.40

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

82

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

45

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

537

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

154

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

74

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

20

Bar spacing

mm

110

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

2856

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

390

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

1637

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

150

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.01904

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

Sr,max

mm

527

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.02

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.04

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

2737

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

51

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

430

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.50

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

140

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

2.04

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

97

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.40

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.40

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

82

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

45

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

745

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

222

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

142

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.05

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.08

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

20

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

182

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.50

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

59
0.86

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

16

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.40

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.40

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

82

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

45

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

497

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

141

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

61

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.01

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.03

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

20

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

182

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.55

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

65
0.95

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

22

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.44

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.44

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

90

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

53

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

497

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

155

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

75

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.01

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.04

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

20

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

182

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.60

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

71
1.04

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

28

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.48

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.48

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

98

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

61

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

497

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

169

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

89

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.02

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.05

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

20

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

182

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.65

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

77
1.12

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

34

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.52

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.52

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

106

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

69

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

497

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

183

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

104

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.02

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.06

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

20

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

182

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.70

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

83
1.21

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

40

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.56

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.56

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

115

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

78

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

497

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

197

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

118

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.02

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.06

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

20

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

182

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.75

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

89
1.30

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

46

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.60

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.60

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

123

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

86

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

497

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

212

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

132

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.03

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.07

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

20

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

182

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.80

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

95
1.38

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

52

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.64

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.64

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

131

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

94

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

497

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

226

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

146

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.03

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.08

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

25

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

222

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.50

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

72
1.05

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

29

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.40

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.40

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

82

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

45

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

537

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

154

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

74

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.02

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.04

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

25

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

222

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.55

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

79
1.16

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

37

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.44

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.44

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

90

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

53

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

537

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

169

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

90

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.02

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.05

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

25

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

222

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.60

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

87
1.26

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

44

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.48

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.48

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

98

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

61

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

537

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

185

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

105

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.02

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.06

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

25

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

222

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.65

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

94
1.37

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

51

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.52

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.52

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

106

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

69

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

537

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

200

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

120

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.03

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.07

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

25

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

222

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.70

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

101

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

1.48

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

58

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.56

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.56

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

115

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

78

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

537

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

216

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

136

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.03

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.07

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

25

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

222

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.75

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

108

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

1.58

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

65

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.60

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.60

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

123

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

86

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

537

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

231

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

151

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.04

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.08

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

25

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

222

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.80

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

115

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

1.69

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

73

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.64

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.64

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

131

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

94

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

537

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

246

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

167

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.04

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.09

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

30

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

262

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.50

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

85
1.24

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

42

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.40

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.40

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

82

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

45

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

577

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

167

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

87

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.02

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.05

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

30

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

262

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.55

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

94
1.37

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

51

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.44

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.44

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

90

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

53

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

577

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

184

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

104

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.03

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.06

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

30

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

262

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.60

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

102

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

1.49

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

59

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.48

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.48

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

98

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

61

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

577

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

200

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

121

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.03

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.07

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

30

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

262

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.65

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

111

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

1.62

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

68

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.52

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.52

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

106

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

69

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

577

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

217

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

137

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.04

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.08

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

30

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

262

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.70

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

119

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

1.74

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

76

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.56

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.56

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

115

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

78

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

577

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

234

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

154

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.04

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.08

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

30

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

262

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.75

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

128

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

1.87

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

85

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.60

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.60

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

123

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

86

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

577

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

251

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

171

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.05

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.09

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:

Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results

255664

BLC
ARM

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design

May - 2010

RD

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters

Symbol

Unit

Value

mm

1500

Strength class

fck / fck,cube

MPa

C40/50

Age at cracking

tc

days

Creep factor

K1

0.65

Sustained load factor

K2

0.80

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

/oC

8.0

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

fyk

MPa

500

500 Mpa

Tensile strength at cracking

fctm(tc)

MPa

2.10

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Elastic modulus

Ecm(tc)

GPa

30.2

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

ctu(ea)

86

Tensile strength

fctm

MPa

3.51

Mean 28-day value

Elastic modulus

Ecm

GPa

35.2

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt)

123

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

30

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Section thickness

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

Early-age strain
Temperature drop

T1

Autogenous shrinkage

ca(ea)

22

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Free contraction

free(ea)

262

free(ea) = T1c+ ca

0.80

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

136

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

1.99

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint

Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu

Early-age crack-inducing strain

cr(ea)

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

ca(lt)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)

93

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

27

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2

15

Drying shrinkage

cd

168

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.

free(lt)

315

free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains

R2

0.64

Restraint to drying shrinkage

R3

0.64

Long term restrained strain

free(lt)

131

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu

37

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr(lt)

94

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction

r(total)

577

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

Restrained contraction

r(total)

267

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

Crack-inducing strain

cr(total)

187

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Bar diameter

mm

25

Bar spacing

mm

140

Reinforcement details

Cover

mm

50

Area of steel per face per m

As

mm2

3506

Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient

fctm/fyk

0.00420

0.65

kc

fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

hs,min

mm

488

hs,min = k kc h/2

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min

mm2

2047

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff

he,ef

mm

156.25

he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

p,eff

0.02244

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

k1

0.8

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

Sr,max

mm

549

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

wk

mm

0.05

wk = c(ea) Sr,max

Long term crack width

wk

mm

0.10

wk = c(total)Sr,max

Crack spacing

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking

fctm/fyk

Minimum area of steel per face

As,min

0.0070
mm2

3421

fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min