Network Models

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 Sending a letter

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 Internet layers

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 Peer-to-peer processes

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 An exchange using the Internet model

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 Physical layer

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 Note:

The physical layer is responsible for

transmitting individual bits from one
node to the next.

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 Data link layer

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 Note:

The data link layer is responsible for

transmitting frames from
one node to the next.

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 Node-to-node delivery

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McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
 Network layer

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 Note:

The network layer is responsible for

the delivery of packets from the
original source to the
final destination.

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 Source-to-destination delivery

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 Example

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 Transport layer

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 Note:

The transport layer is responsible for

delivery of a message from one process
to another.

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 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

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 Application layer

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 Note:

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.

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 Example

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 Summary of duties

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 OSI model

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 A Critique of the OSI Model and
Protocols
Why OSI did not take over the
world
Bad timing
Bad technology
Bad implementations
Bad politics
OSI was in development phase and
TCP/IP overcome it as it was ready
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to implement. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
 Ethernet address 6 bytes (48 bits)
e.g. 07-01-02-01-2C-4B UNIQUE

Logical address 4 bytes(32 bits)

e.g. 132.58.12.32 UNIQUE

port address 16 bits e.g. 753

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 GLOBALLY IP ADDRESS MANAGMENT
->ICANN(INTERNET COOPERATION
FOR ASSIGNED NAMES & NUMBERS)
->IANA(Internet assigned numbers
authority ) operated by ICANN
5 RIRs(Regional Internet Registries) to
allocate blocks locally to ISPs
1. African
2. American
3. Asian
4.European
5. Latin America

McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

 (Processes)Application
Layer(SMTP,FTP,DNS,SNMP,TFTP,NFS-
RPC)
(Port address)Transport
Layer(TCP,UDP)(SEGMENTS)
(Logical address)Network
Layer(IGMP,ICMP,IP,ARP)(PACKETS)
(physical address)Data Link
Layer(FRAMES)
Physical Layer(BITS)
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 MULTIHOMED DEVICES

1. Computer connected to more

than one network.
2. Routers must be multihomed,
otherwise it cannot route.

McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000