1.

CHARACTER SET OF C

1.1 Constant of c language

1.2 Data type in c language

2. VARIABLE

3. OPERATORS

3.1 Arithmetic operator

3.2 Assignment operator

3.3 Logical Operator

3.4 Increment and Decrement operator

3.5 Relational operator

3.6Conditional operator

3.7 Programs

4. DECISION MAKING STATEMENT

4.1 Program with the use of simple if statement

4.2 How to use the if else statement

4.3 How to use the nested if statement

4.4 How to use the else if ladder

4.5 How to use the switch statement

4.6 Solved programs for decision making statement

5. CONTROL STATEMENT OR LOOPING STATEMENT

5.1 Entry control loop

5.2 Exit control loop

5.3 Program demonstration

5.4 Solved program on control statement

6. ARRAYS AND POINTER

6.1 Arrays

6.2 Solved programs on single and two dimensional arrays

6.3 Pointer

6.4 Pointer of pointer

7. FUNCTION OF C LANGUAGE
 7.1 Types of function

7.2 CALL BY VALUE AND CALL BY REFERENCE

7.3 Solved program of function

8. STRUCTURE

8.1 Program demonstrate the how to use the structure in program

8.2 Array of structure

8.3 Program demonstrate use of dynamic memory allocation with structure

8.4 Program demonstrate function in structure

8.5 Demonstrating the structure array variable

8.6 Passing and returning the structure variable from the function

8.7 Demonstrating nesting of structure.

8.8 Demo of pointer variable of structure

9. UNION

9.1 Program demonstrate the use of union

10. STRING HANDLING IN C

10.1 Demonstrating the string array

10.2 Use of gets() and puts() function

10.3 STRING HANDLING FUNCTION

11. FILE HANDLING

11.1 What is a File?

11.2 Steps in Processing a File

11.3 The basic file operations

11.4 File Open Modes

1. CHARACTER SET OF C
Character set of c language used for creating application of c or
creating the program of c language means using the combination of
character set us can create the c programming statement.

C provide the following character set to us

Alphabet: a to z or A to Z

Digit: 0 to 9

Special Symbol: ?,+,<,>etc.

How to recognize the character set from system

The system cannot understand the high level language. So c provide the
some basic Code translation language is called as ASCII(American Standard
Code for Information and Interchange) with the help of this character set c
recognize the characters in programmer and store in some specific format in
system and then convert it in the machine code with the help of compiler.

Given table shows the ASCII code chart of alphabet and digits.

A to Z: 65 to 90 and a to z: 97 to 122

Digit: 0 to 9:48 to 57

Total ASCII code in c language is 256 from 0 to 255

1.1 Constant of c language
Constant means those values cannot change during the execution of
program is called as a constant.

Types of constant
Numeric Constant

In this type of constant we can fix only number value in program.

Types of Numeric Constant:

1] Integer Constant:-

This type of constant cannot have decimal point

e.g.12, 13,09 etc.

2] Float Constant or real constant:-

This type of constant can have decimal point

e.g.1.2, 3.2, 5.4 etc.

3] Character Constant:-

In character Constant we can store the single character constant and more
than one character constant.

4] Single character constant:-

If we fix the any value in single coat is called as character constant.

e.g. a, A, 3 three is not a numeric constant this is the character

constant because in singlecoat.
5] Multicharacter Constant:-

If we fix the any value in double coat is called as multi character

constant or in c string.

e.g.a[]={good};

Keywords of c language:-

Keywords mean those worlds having the single meaning provided by

compiler.We can say keywords are reserve word. There are 32 keyword in c
given table show all keyword of c language.

E.g. if we want to write the integer in ccannot write the integer full. We
need to write the int because compiler knows int means integer because int is
the keyword.
1.2 Data type in c language
Types of data type in c language:-
1] Built in data type:-

Those data type are provided by compiler is called as built-in data type.

Types of built in datatype

A] Integer data type:-this data type indicates to us only use the value without
decimal point.

e.g.90,100,03;//allow with integer.

e.g.1.2,3.6;//not allow with integer.

Integer also provides the some its sub datatype:

i] Integer

If we want to use the integer data type in programme write simply:

int

Integer datatype allocate the 2 byte memory

Integer datatype can store the value-32768 to 32767

Integer datatype use the format specifier %d

ii]Short Integer

If we want to use the short integer in programme write simply,

 short int.

Shot int data type allocate 1 byte memory

Short integer can store the value -32768 to 32767

Short integer datatype use the format specifier %d or %i.

iii] Long Integer:

If we want to use the long integer in programme write simply :long

int

Long Integer data type allocate 4 byte memory

Long Integer datatype can store the value -2147483648 to

2147483647

Long Integer use the format specifier %ld

iv] Unsigned Integer:

If we want to use the unsigned integer in program write simply:

unsigned int

Unsigned Integer data type allocate 2 byte

Unsigned integer data type can store the value 0 to 65535

Unsigned format specifier: %u

B] Float data type:-float data type store the value with decimal point
 e.g. a=1.4,b=4.5; etc. allow with float.

e.g.if we store the integer value then it will accept and place (0)at last
value.

Float also provides the some its sub datatype.

i]Float:-

If we want to use the float datatype use in program write simple:-

float

Float data type allocate 4 byte memory

Float datatype can store value -3.14x10e 38 to 3.14x10e 38

Float data type use the format specifier %f

ii]Double:-

If we want use the double datatype in program write simply:-

double.

Double datatype allocate memory 8 byte.

Double datatype can store the value -1.7x10 e 308 to 1.7x 10e308

Double datatype use the format specifier %lf

iii]Long Double:-

If we want to use the long double data type in program write

simply: long double
 Long double datatype allocate 8 byte memory

Long double datatype can store the value -1.7 x 10e4932 to 1.7 x
10e4932

Long double datatype use the format specifier

C] Character Data type:-

This data type store only alphabetical data.

Types of character datatype

1] Signed Character

2] Unsigned Character

a]Derived data type:- Those datatype we can use with any other datatype.

Types of derived datatype:

i] Pointer

ii]Function

iii]Array

b]User Defined data type:- Those data type created by user for its own use is
called as user defined datatype.

Types of userdefined datatype:

i]Structure

ii]Union
iii]Enumeration
2. VARIABLE
Variable means if we create the variable in program then system allocate
the block for that variable in memory as per its type.

Why use the variable:

Variable used to store the value in memory as per its type

Variable also used to retrieve the value from memory for display
the output for some process.

How to create the variable in c

Syntax:- data type variable name separated by commas;

E.g.int a,b,c;

Above statement shows we create the three variable of type integer

namely a,b,c and We can store the three integer type values in that but if we
want to create the variable in c language for that we need to follow some rule
of c language for variable declaration.

Rule of c language for variable declaration

Variable means name start with alphabet cannot start with digit or
any special Symbol other than underscore character.

e.g.

int a10;//valid variable name

 int _a10;//valid variable name

int 10a;//not valid variable name

int ?a;//invalid variable name

Cannot use the blank space between two variable.

e.g.

int a b;//invalid variable name

int a_b;//valid variable name

Cannot give the keyword variable name

e.g.

int float;//invalid variable name

How to write the application

Steps for application write in c language.

Add the header files.

How to add the header files in program

If we want to add the header file in c program for that we need to use the
#include preprocessor directives or file inclusion directives. This directive is
used to add the any file in program. If we add the file once in program we can
use the all contents form that file In your program.

Syntax:- #include<filename.extension>
 e.g.#include<stdio.h>

Write main function

How to write the main function

Returntype main()

Write here the body of programme

e.g. void main(){

printf(good morning);

getch();

Write program code

Define function after the main if use function in program

Basic application of c language

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main(){

clrscr();
 printf(good morning.);

getch();

Output:

What is use of stdio.h and conio.h header file

Stdio.h= standard input output function. Header file this file

provides the all input and output related functions to us.

Conio.h= console input output function.this file is used to device

control file means if we want to clear the output screen or hold the
output on dos prompt for that we need to use the conio.h file.

Void main():- this is the heart of c programmer means we cannot

run the c program. Without main function .for every c program must
be single main function. Every c program execution start with main
function

Clrscr():- Clear the screen

This function is used to clear the output screen. This function

 is provided by conio.h header file.

Printf():- This is the output function this function is used to

display the output on the screen.

Getch():-This function is used to hold the output screen on dos

prompt whenever user press any key when user press any key then
come back in programme,

Input and output function of c

If we want to interact with c program then we need to provide the

input to program and get the output from program for this purpose c provide
the some input and output related function to us. If we want to use the input
and output functions of c language for that we need to use the stdio.h header
file.

Input function:-

Putchar():- this function is used display the single character output

Getchar():-this function is used to read the single character from

keyboard

Gets():- this function is used to accept the string output from keyboard.
 Puts():-this function is used to display the string output on monitor

Printf():-this function is used to display the any type of data on output

screen

Scanf():-this function is used to read the any type of data from keyboard.

How to use the putchar() and getchar() function shows in following

programme

Syntax of getchar() function:-

Charactervariable=getchar();

e.g. ch=getchar()this statement indicate to us read the single character

data from keyboard

Syntax of putchar():-

Putchar(character variable);

e.g. putchar(ch);

programme demonstrate the use of getchar() and

putchar() function

#include<stdio.h>
 #include<conio.h>

void main()

char ch;

clrscr();

printf(enter the character data\n);

ch=getchar();

putchar(ch);

getch();

Output:

How to use the printf()function

Printf() can use for three purpose

Display the message

 Syntax:-printf(message write here for display);

e.g. printf(good morning);

Display the variable values

Syntax:- printf(format specifier,variable name);

e.g. printf(%d,c);

Display the message with variable value.

Syntax:- printf(message format specifier ,variable);

e.g. printf(addition is %d,c);

How to use scanf() function

Syntax:- scanf(format specifier,&variablename);

e.g. scanf(%d,&a);

programme demonstrate the use scanf() and printf() function

Write a program to accept the two values and display

its multiplication

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()
{

int a,b,c;

clrscr();

printf(enter the two values);

scanf(%d%d,&a,&b);

c=a+b;

printf(addition is %d,c);

getch();

Output:
3. OPERATORS
Operators are the symbol they use for perform the some operation.

There are seven types of operator in c language.

3.1 Arithmetic operator

Operator meaning
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
3.2 Assignment operator

Operator Meaning
Assignment or
put right value
=
in to left
variable
3.3 Logical Operator

Operator Meaning
&& Logical and
|| Logical or
! And
3.4 Increment and Decrement operator

Operator meaning

increment by
++
default one
Decrement
--
bydefault one
3.5 Relational operator

Operator meaning
== equal to
!= not equal to
> Greater than
< less than
<= less than equal to
>= Greater than equal to
3.6Conditional operator

Operator meaning
? Ternary operator
: colon operator

Format of conditional operator

Syntax : exp1:exp2:exp3;

e.g. a>b?printf(good morning);:printf(bad);

expression one always condition and expression second and third are
conditions. If expression one true then execute the expression two if expression
one is false then execute the expression third.
3.7 Programs

1] Find the area of circle and circumference of

circle

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int radius ;

float area,circum;

clrscr();

float pi=3.14;

printf(\n enter the radius of the circle:);

scanf(%d,&radius);

area=pi*radius*radius;

circum=2*pi*radius;

printf(\n the area of the circle is %2f,area);

printf(\n the circumference of the circle is %2f,circum);

 getch();

Output:-

2] Program demonstrate to calculate the bill

discount

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int items;

float discount ,bill,price;

clrscr();

printf(enter the number of items purchased:);

 scanf(%d,&items);

printf(enter the price of items purchases);

scanf(%f,&price);

bill=items*price;

printf(the bill before discount %2f,bill);

discount=0.2*bill;

printf(\n the discount is %2f,discount);

bill=bill-discount ;

printf(\n the final bill is %2f,bill);

getch();

Output:

3] Program demonstrate the c arithmetic

feature
 #include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int x=10,y=10,float z;

clrscr();

z=x+y;

printf(\n value of z is %d,z);

x=x+y;

printf(\n value of x is %d,x);

y+=z;

printf(\n value of y is %d,y);

x++;

printf(\n value of x is %d,x);

y=x++;

z=++y;

printf(\n value y is %d,y);

printf(\n value of z is %d,z);

getch();
 }

4] Program demonstrate finding the sum of

digit

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

clrscr();

int num,rem,sum=0;

printf(enter any number of 4 digit);

scanf(%d,&num);

rem=num%10;

sum=sum+rem;
num=num/10;

rem=num%10;

sum+=rem;

num/=10;

rem=num%10;

sum+=rem;

num/=10;

sum+=num;

printf(\n the sum of the digits is %d,sum);

getch();

}
4. DECISION MAKING STATEMENT
Decision making statement means if we have number of choices in
program and we want to select the particular choice from then we need to
check the condition and select the option when we want.

Ways of decision making statement in c language.

1] Simple if statement

2] If else statement

3] Else if ladder statement

4] Nested if statement

5] Switch statement

How to use simple if statement

Syntax:- if(condition)

The statement block;

Other program part.

Explanation:-

In simple if statement if condition is true then execute the if block if

condition

False then execute the other program part.

e.g. consider in program a=10 and b=5

if(a>b)

Printf(A is a greater %d,a);

If(b>a)

Printf(B is a greater %d,b);

In above example the program generate the output : a is greater

10because

A is a greater then b and condition is true.

4.1 Program with the use of simple if statement

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int a,b,c;

clrscr();

printf(enter the two values);

scanf(%d %d,&a,&b);

if(a>b)

printf(A is greater %d,a);

if(b>a)

printf(Bis greater %d,b);

getch();
}

Output:-
4.2 How to use the if else statement

If (condition)

True statement block

Else

False statement block

Other programming statement

Explanation:- in if else statement if condition is true then

execute the if block otherwise execute the else block.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int no;
printf(enter the number from keyboard);

scanf(%d,&no);

if(no%2==0)

printf(Number is even %d,no);

else

printf(Number is odd %d,no);

getch();

Output:-
4.3 How to use the nested if statement

In nested if statement if outer if statement is true then execute

the inner if statement if inner if statement is true then execute the
inner if true statement block otherwise execute the else block of
appropriate if statement.

Syntax:-

if (condition)

if(condition)

true statement block

Else

false statement block

else

{
 statement block

other program part

programme demonstrate the use of nested if

statement
Write a program to enter the id and salary of employee if id is equal to 1
or 2 and salary is greater than 5000 then employee is permanent. If salary is
less than5000 then employee is temporary. If id is not equal to q or 2 then
employee is not a member of organization.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int id,sal;

clrscr();

printf(enter the id of employee \n);

scanf(%d,&id);

if(id==1||id==2)

{
 printf(enter the salary of employee \n);

scanf(%d,&sal);

if(sal>5000)

printf(employee is permanent);

else

{
printf(employee is temporary \n);

else

printf(employee is not a member of organization);

getch();

Output:
4.4 How to use the else if ladder
In else if ladder every if statement execute self no condition
is depend on another condition if first if statement is true then
execute otherwise check the another else if condition if anyone
else if statement is not true then execute the default

Else block

Syntax:- if(condition)

true statement block

else if (condition )

True statement block

else

false statement block

}
 Other program part

Program demonstrate the use of else if ladder

statement

Program to enter the three digit number and

check which is greater.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int a,b,c;

clrscr();

printf(enter the three number );

scanf(%d%d%d,&a,&b,&c);

if(a>b&&a>c)

printf(a is the greater %d,a);

else if(b>a&&b>c)
{

printf(b is the greater %d,b);

Else

printf(c is the greater %d,c);

getch();

Output:
4.5 How to use the switch statement

Syntax:-

Switch(choice)

case 1:

statement

break;

case 2:

statement

break;

case 3:

statement

break;

default:

Statement
 }

In switch if case match with given choice then the particular

case block will execute.

Note:-in switch statement we can pass the character as a

choice. any arithmetic expression without decimal point but cannot
pass the any floating value as a choice as well as string.

Following programs demonstrate the use of

switch statement

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int choice;

clrscr();

printf(enter the your choice);

scanf(%d,&choice);

switch(choice)
{

case 1:

printf(your choice is %d,choice);

break;

case 2:

printf(your choice is %d,choice);

break;

case 3:

printf(your choice is %d,choice);

break;

default:

printf(your choice is wrong);

getch();

Output:-
4.6 Solved programs for decision making statement

Program for calculate the electricity bill

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int units;

float bill;clrscr();

printf(\n enter the number of units consumed);

scanf(%d,&units);

if(units<=100)

bill=units*2.35;

else

if(units<=500)

bill=100*2.35+(units-100)*5.65;

else
 if(units <=1000)

bill=235+400*5.65+(units-500)*7.35;

else

bill=235+400*5.65+500*7.25+(units-1000)*9.85;

printf(\n the bill is %2f,bill);

getch();

Output:

Program demonstrate the discount on bill

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int items;
float discount ,bill,price;

clrscr();

printf(\n enter the number of items purchased:);

scanf(%d,&items);

printf(\n enter the price of items purchased:);

scanf(%f,&price);

bill=items*price;

printf(\n the bill before discount %2f,bill);

if(bill>1000)

discount =bill*0.1;

bill=bill-discount;}

else

if(bill>5000)

discount =bill*0.1;

bill=bill-discount;

printf(\n the final bill is %2f,bill);

getch();

}
 Output:-

Program demonstrates the number is positive

or not

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int num;

clrscr();

printf(\n enter the number );

scanf(%d,&num);
 if(num>0)

printf(\n the number is positive);

if(num<0)

printf(\n the number is negative);

if(num==0)

printf(\n the number is zero);

getch();

Output:-

Program for calculating the salary on hour

basis

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()

int items;

float discount,bill,price;

clrscr();

printf(\n enter the number of items purchased);

scanf(%d,&items);

printf(\n enter the price of items purchased);

scanf(%d,&price);

bill=items*price;

printf(\n the bill before discount %2f,bill);

if(bill>1000){

discount =bill*0.1;

bill=bill-discount;

else

if(bill>5000)

discount =bill*0.1;
 bill=bill-discount;

else

if(age<22&&(gender==m||gender==m)&&
(cat==s||cat==s)&&per>60)

printf(\n Eligible);

else

printf(\n not eligible);

getch();

Output:-
5. CONTROL STATEMENT OR
LOOPING STATEMENT
Control statements are use if we want to perform the some task
repetitively again and again.

Following are control statement in c language.

5.1 Entry control loop
Entry control loop means if condition satisfy or true first time then loop
will be execute otherwise not
Types of entry control loop
i] for loop

ii] while loop

5.2 Exit control loop
May be condition false first time loop will execute minimum single time
is calledas exit control loop .if condition is true then loop will execute same as
entry control loop.

If we want to use the any type of loop we need three important steps.

i] Initialization: initialization means starting point of loop

ii] Condition:-how many time will be repeat or how may be repetition

you want to perform.

iii] Increment and Decrement:- steps for increment and decrement

5.3 Program demonstration

How to use the for loop in program or application

Syntax:- for(Initialization;condition;increment and

decrement)

Body for loop

e.g. for(i=1; i<=5; i++)

/* Initialization Condition Increment &Decrement

*/

Printf(\n good morning);

Output:-

Good morning

Good morning

Good morning
 Good morning

Good morning

How to use execute above example:-

First time i=1 is less than 5 then condition is true and loop will be
execute and print the good morning message then I will increment by 1 then
next time i=2 this is also true so loop will be execute and print the good
morning message this process done up to the five times.

Following program demonstrate the use of for loop for

print the table

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int no,table,I;

clrscr();

printf(enter the number for table \n);

scanf(%d,&no);

for(i=1;i<=100;i++)
 {

table=no*I;

printf(%d\n,table);

getch();

Output:-

How to use the while loop in program

Syntax:- Initialization ;

While(condition)
 {

Body of while loop

Increment and decrement

e.g. i=1;//initialization or 1 start from 1

while(i<=5)

Printf(good morning);

I++;

How to use the do while loop

Syntax: - Initialization;

Do

Statement block

Increment or decrement

While(condition);
Following programs demonstrate the use of do
while loop for display the table

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int no,table.i;

clrscr();

printf(enter the number for print table \n);

scanf(%d,&no);

i=1;

while(i<=no)
{

table =i*no;

printf(%d\n,table);

i++;

getch();
 }

Use of break and continue keyword

Break: - This keyword is used to stop the execution of loop in

middle if programmer wants.

Continue: - This keyword is used to skip some the execution step

of loop if programmer wants.

Program demonstrates the use of break

keyword.
#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int i;
 clrscr();

for(i=1;i<=5;i++)

if(i==3)

break;

else

printf(good morning);

getch();

Output:-

This program generate the output good morning two times because
condition satisfy in loop then loop will stop this execution

Nested for loop statement

For(Initialization ;condition;increment and decrement)

 {

For(initialization; condition;increment and decrement)

Body of inner for loop

Body of outer for loop

Program demonstrate the use of nested for

loop
#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int I,j,table;

clrscr();

for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{

for(j=1;j<=10;j++)

tacle=i*j;
 printf(%d,table);

printf(\n);

getch();

Output:-

Write program calculate the marks.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>
void main()

int marks1,marks2,marks3,sum;

char choice;

clrscr();

do

printf(\n enter the marks of three subjects);

scanf(%d%d%d,&marks1,&marks2,&marks3);

sum=marks1+marks2+marks3;

printf(\n sum is %d,sum);

printf(\n cont(Y/N):);

fflush(stdin);

choice=getche();

while(choice!=n&&choice!=N)

getche();

Output:
Program for fibonancci series

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

long first=0,second=1,third;
int i,num;

clrscr();

printf(how many numbers u want in the series:);

scanf(%d,&num);

printf(\n %ld\t%ld,first,second);

for(i=2;i<num;i++)

third=first+second;

printf(\t %ld,third);

first=second;

second=third;

getche();

Output:-
Program for check prime or not

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int num,i,rem;

clrscr();

printf(\n enter the number);

scanf(%d,&num);

for(i=2;i<num/2;i++)

rem=num%i;

if(rem==0)

printf(\n the number is not prime);

break;

}
 }

if(i==(num/2))

printf(\n the number is prime);

getch();

Output:-

Print the star shape using nested loop

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int i,j,k;

clrscr();

printf(\n first\n);
 for(i=1;i<=5;i++)

for(j=1;j<=i;j++)

printf(*\t);

printf(\n);

printf(\n second \n);

for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{

for(j=5;j>=i;j--)

printf(*\t);

printf(\n);

printf(\n Third \n);

for(i=1;i<=5;i++)

{
for(k=4;k>=i;k--)

printf(\t );

for(j=1;j<=i;j++)

printf(*\t);

printf(\n);

getch();

Output:-
Reversing the number and also counting its
number of digits
#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

long num,rev=0,temp;

int rem,count=0,sum=0;

clrscr();
printf(\n enter the number);

scanf(%ld,&num);

temp=num;

while(num>0)

rem=num%10;

num=num/10;

count++;

sum+=rem;

rev=rev*10+rem;

printf(\n the number of digits in %ld is %d ,temp,count);

printf(\n the sum of the digits of %ld is %d,temp,sum);

printf(\n the reverse of %ld is %ld,temp,rev);

getch();

Output:
Program to show the good morning message
#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int i;

clrscr();

for(i=1;i<=5;i++)

if(i==3)

continue;

else

printf(good morning);
 }

getch();

Output:-

This program four time good morning message. If condition

satisfies in loop then it will skip one step of execution in loop.
5.4 Solved program on control statement

Print the series of Armstrong number up to

the limit.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int num,sum,temp,rem,limit;

clrscr();

printf(\n enter the limit:);

scanf(%d,&limit);

for(num=1;num<=limit;num++)

sum=0;

temp=num;

while(temp>0)

{
 rem=temp%10;

sum=sum+rem*rem*rem;

temp/10;

if(sum==num)pPrintf(\t %d,sum);

getch();

Output:-

Check number is Armstrong or not.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()
{

int num,sum=0,temp,rem;

clrscr();

printf(\n enter the number);

scanf(%d,&num);

temp=num;

while(num>0)

rem=num%10;

sum=sum+rem*rem*rem;

num/=10;

if(sum==temp)

printf(\n the number is a armstrong);

else

printf(\n the number is not Armstrong);

getch();

Output:-
6. ARRAYS AND POINTER
6.1 Arrays
Array is a derived datatype which is used to store the more than one
values in single variable but same type.Means we can say array is a collection
of values of similar datatype.

Types of arrays
I]one dimension array

ii] Multi-dimensional array.

The identification of array is:[] {subscripting or dimension}

If we place the subscript with any type variable it is become array

How to declare the single dimension array

Syntax:- datatype variable name[size];

e.g. int a[5];

Above statement shows variable a is a integer type array and can store
and can store the five values in it because mention in array declaration.
 After the array declaration how array stored in memory

Array stored in memory sequentially means one by one.the first element

of array stored at location zero index. The second element at one index and so
on n-1.

The following diagram shows how array stored in memory as per above
example.

0 1 2
3 4-Index

First Second Third Fourth Fifth

values Values Values Values Values
100 102 104
106 110 ->Location

Indexes:- Indexes are used to insert the element in array delete the
specified element from array search element of array is operation perform
on array.

Location:-Location indicate As per datatype size.

How to store the values in single dimension array.

 For(variable=0;variable<sizeof array; variable++)

Scanf(%d,&array variable(variable));

e.g.

for(i=0;i<5;i++)

Scanf(%d,&a[i]);

How to shows the values of array retrieve the values of array

For(variable=0;variable<size of array;variable++)

Printf(%d,arrayvariable(variable));

e.g. for(i=0;i<5;i++)

Printf(%d,a[i]);
 }

Program using the single dimension array

store the five values in array and display it
#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int a[5],i;

clrscr();

printf(store the values in array);

for(i=0;i<5;i++)

scanf(%d,&a[i]);

printf(display the values of array);

for(i=0;i<5;i++)

printf(a[%d]------%d\n,I,a[i]);

}
 getch();

Output:-

How to use the two dimensional arrays

Syntax:- datatype variablename[size][size];

e.g.int a[3][4];

generally two dimensional array is used to create the

matrix then first bracket refer to the row and second bracket
refer to thecolomn.if we want to store the values in two
dimensional array then we need to nested two loop.

How to store the values in two dimensional array

 For(i=0;i<first bracket size;i++)

For(j=0;j<second bracketsize;j++)

Scanf(%d,&array variable[i][j]);

e.g. for(i=0;i<3;i++)

for(j=0;j<4;j++)

Scanf(%d,&a[i][j]);

How to shows or retrieve the two

dimensional array

for(i=0;i<first bracket size;i++)

{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)

scanf(%d,&a[i][j]);

printf(\n Display the matrix);

for(i=0;i<3;i++)

for(j=0;j<3;j++)

scanf(%d\t,&a[i][j]);

printf(\n);

getch();

}
6.2 Solved programs on single and two
dimensional arrays

1] Program shows adding two array and

storing in third array

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int num1[10],num2[10],sum[10],i,j,k;

clrscr(();

printf(\n enter ten element of the first array:\n);

for(i=0;i<10;i++)

scanf(%d,&num1[i]);

printf(\n enter ten element of the second array);

for(i=0;i<10;i++)

scanf(%d,&num2[i]);

printf(\n the addition of two arrays is \n);

 for(i=0;i<10;i++)

sum[i]=num1[i]+num2[i];

printf(\n%d,sum[i]);

getch();

Output:-

2] Program demonstrate the counting

,positive,negative,even,odd,values in arrays

#include<stdio.h>

#inlclude<conio.h>

void main()

int num[10],i,pos=0,neg=0,even=0,odd=0,zero=0;

clrscr();

printf(\n Enter the elements of the array);

for(i=0;i<10;i++)

scanf(%d,&num[i]);

for(i=0;i<10;i++)

if(num[i]>0)

pos++;

else

if(num[i]>0)

pos++;

else

if(num[i]<0)
neg++;

if(num[i]==0)

zero++;

else

if(num[i]%2==0)

even++;

else

odd++;}

printf(\n the positive number are %d,pos);

printf(\n the negative number are %d,neg);

printf(\n the even number are %d,even);

printf(\n the odd number are %d,odd);

printf(\n the zero number are %d,zero);

getch();

Output:-
3] Program for calculate the square of even
position and cube of odd position

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int num[10],i;

clrscr();

printf(\n enter the ten element of the array\n);

 for(i=0;i<10;i++)

scanf(%d,&num[i]);

printf(\n the elements of the array after squre and cube

are\n);

for(i=0;i<10;i++)

if(i%2==0)

num[i]=num[i]*num[i];

printf(%d,num[i]);

else

num[i]=num[i]*num[i]*num[i];

printf(%d,num[i]);

getch();

Output:
4]Program for converting decimal to binary

#include<conio.h>

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

int num,i=0,j;

int binary[20];

clrscr();

printf(\n enter the number);

scanf(%d,&num);

while(num>0)

{
binary[i]=num%2;

num=num/2;

i++;

printf(\n the binary equivalent is);

while(i>0)

i--;

printf(%d,binary[i]);

getch();

Output:-
5]Program find greatest and smallest
element in arrays.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int num[10],i,great,small,gpos,spos;

clrscr();

printf(enter the elements of the array);

for(i=0;i<10;i++)

scanf(%d,&num[i]);

great=small=num[0];

gpos=spos=0;

for(i=1;i<10;i++)

if(num[i]>great)

great=num[i];

gpos=i;
}

if(num[i]<small)

small=num[i];

spos=i;

printf(\n the greatest number %d,great);

printf(\n the greatest number is %d,gpos);

printf(\n the smallest number is %d,small);

printf(\n at position %d,spos);

getch();

Output:-
Program for generating transpose matrix
#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int num[5][3],tran[3][5],i,j;

clrscr();

for(i=0;i<5;i++)

for(j=0;j<3;j++)

scanf(%d,&num[i][j]);
}

printf(\n the original matrix is \n);

for(i=0;i<5;i++)

for(j=0;j<3;j++)

printf(%d,num[i][j]);

getch();

}
6.3 Pointer
Pointer is a derived datatype which is used to store the
address of memory location for creating the dynamic memory
allocation.

What is the meaning of dynamic memory allocation:

Dynamic memory allocation means to decide how much

memory required at run time is called as dynamic memory
allocation.

What is the benefit of dynamic memory allocation:

If suppose we use array then we cannot give the more

element than array size and if we give the less element decided
by array size then remaining memory elements will be lost this
is the drawback of array or compile time memory allocation or
static memory allocation so we need to use the pointer.

What is the identification of pointer:

*----- is the identification of pointer (value at address

operator or indirection operator) If we give the * with any type
variable we can say this is the variable of pointer type.

e.g. int a;//this statement says is a variable of type in but

if we place the *before the variable a.
 e.g. int *a;//this statement says a is a pointer variable of
type integer means a can store the integer memory block in it or
integer type memory address in it.

How to store address of any another variable in pointer

variable:

If we want to store the any another variable or memory

address in pointer variable for that use the & operator. & is the
address of memory address. This operator is used to access the
address memory location or variable.

How to store the address of any another variable in pointer

variable:

Syntax:- pointervariable=&normal variable;

e.g. a=&b;

as per the reference of the example a is a pointer variable

and be the normal or general variable means b address pointer
variable a. what happen if b address stored in a. if we apply the
change on variable a indirectly effect on b (note: this will
discuss in function call by value call by reference );

Following example shows how to store the

address of normal variable in pointer
variable and access its value.
 #include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int *ptr,b=10;// ptr is a pointer and b is a normal variable.

ptr=&b;//store the address of b in pointer variable a

printf(address of b is %u\n,ptr); //ptr displays the

address of b because mention in above .

printf(address of b is %u\n,&b);//print b with address

operator so print the address of b

printf(value of b is through ptr =%d,*ptr);//if we give

the start with any pointer variable then .

//if will give the value of variable whose address store in

it so *is a value at address operator.

getch();

Output:-
 Note:- address value change on every pc because address
allocation decide the use of ram on that pc.
6.4 Pointer of pointer

What is the pointer of pointer

If we want to store the address of one pointer variable in to the

another pointer variable for that we need to use the pointer of pointer in c.

How to declare the pointer of pointer

Syntax:- datatype **variablename;

e.g. int **a;// this statement say can store the two address field in it
means a can point to two memory location at a time.

How to store the address in pointer of pointer variable

Int **ptr.*a,b;

B=10;//b contain the value 10.

A=&b;//a contain the address of b

Ptr=&a;//ptr contain the address pointer variable a as well as

variable b.because ptr has ability

To store the two address field because ptr having two star(indirection
pointer).

Program demonstrate the use of pointer of

 pointer.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main(){

int **ptr,*a,b=10;

a=&b;

ptr=&a;

printf(address of a is %u\n,ptr);//print the address of a

printf(address of b is through ptr =%u,*ptr);//print the value of a

means address of b

printf(value of b is through ptr=%d,**ptr);//access the value at

address stored in a

getch();

Output:
 How to create the dynamic memory allocation using the pointer

If we want to create the dynamic allocation using pointer in c for that

c provide the one file to us called as allocation h file.in this file contain the
some functions those are responsible for creating the dynamic memory
allocation.

Some of the function given below

1]Malloc:- malloc is a dynamic memory allocation function.malloc

allocate block of size byte from memory heap it allow a programmer to
allocate memory explicitly as it is needed and in the exact amount of
needed. The heap is used for dynamic allocation of variable size block of
memory .many data structure, such as trees and lists, naturally employ heap
memory allocation.

How to use the malloc function in program

Syntax:-pointervariable=(datatype*)malloc(sizeof(size));

e.g. ptr=(int *)malloc(sizeof(10);

2]calloc

3]realloc

4]Free
Example on dynamic memory allocation
using the pointer
Demo of malloc function

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int *ptr,i;

clrscr();

ptr=(int *)malloc(sizeof(int));

printf(\n address in ptr is %u,ptr);

printf(\n Enter the value :);

scanf(%d,&ptr);

printf(\n\n value at address in ptr is %d,*ptr);

getch();

getch();

}
Output:

Program demonstrate the dynamic array.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int *ptr,i,size;

clrscr();

printf(\n enter the size);

scanf(%d,&size);

ptr=(int *)malloc (size*sizeof(int));

printf(\n address in ptr is %u,ptr);

for(i=0;i<size;i++)
{

scanf(%d,ptr);

ptr++;

printf(\n address in ptr is %u,ptr);

ptr=ptr-size;

getch();

Printf(\n address in ptr is %u,ptr);

Printf(\n\n);

For(i=0;i<size;i++)

Printf(\n %d,*ptr);

Ptr++;

getch();

Return 0;

Output:
7. FUNCTION OF C LANGUAGE
Function is a self-statement of block which is used to divide the large
program in to sub module or small part for simplicity of application or
program.

What is a benefit of function.

The main benefit of function is define once and use multiple times
means if we want to reuse the function code simply call it.
7.1 Types of function

There are two types of function.

1] library function:-library function means those function provided

by c language use cannot edit in library function.

e.g. printf(),scanf()etc.

Cannot write print() or scanf() etc.

2] User defined function:- those function defined by use for its

own use is called as user define function. User defined function name
depend on user choice. Remember if we want to use the any user
defined function for that we need to use the three important things.

i] Function declaration /prototype of function

Declaration specify which function we will use in program its name

as well as its return fun type as well as how many values function can
transfer and its datatype.

ii] Function calling:- function call means execute or run the body of
function or definition function calling generally use for reuse the function
definition.

iii] Function definition/called function:- function definition means

write the actual body of function or write the code of function.

Types of user define function

1] Function with returning value with argument or parameter

2] Function without returning value with argument

3] Function without returning value without argument.

4] Function with returning value without argument.

How to declare the function in program

Syntax:- returntype function name (datatype);

e.g. int add(int,int);

above declaration says we will use the user define function in

program namely add and this function return the integer type value and this
function can pass the two values of type integer .

note:- if we give the return type of function as void then function

cannot return the any value.

How to call the function in c language

1] if function return values how to call function in function has return

type.

Return value=function name(variable name as per declaration);

 e.g. c=add(a,b);

here in above example a,b,c must be integer type because declaration

says.

2] if function not return the value

How to call the function if function has no return type

Function name(variable);

e.g.add(a,b);

Here add cannot return the value if add() function return type is void.

How to define the function in c program

e.g. return type function name (data type variable name,datatype

variable name)

Body of function

e.g. int add(int x,int y)

Return(x+y);

}
 Note:- cannot define function in main function this is the rule of c
language

Function define must be before main of after after main.

1] Program using function with return type

with argument

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int no,sq;

int squre (int);

clrscr();

printf(enter the number for squre \n);

scanf(%d,&no);

sq=squre(no);

printf(squre of number is %d,sq);

getch();
}

Int squre(int x)

Return(x*x);

Output:-

2. Program using without return value

without argument.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main(){

void squre();

clrscr();

squre();
 getch();

void squre ()

{
int no;

printf(enter the value for squre\n);

scanf(%d,&no);

printf(squre of number is %d,no*no);

Output:-

3.Program with returning value without

argument

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()
{

int squre();

clrscr();

printf(squre of number is %d,squre());

getch();

void squre ()

int no;

printf(enter the value for squre\n);

scanf(%d,&no);

return(no*no);

Output:-
7.2 CALL BY VALUE AND CALL BY
REFERENCE

Call by value:-

Call by value means actual argument pass the photo copy to formal
argument or calling function pass the duplication value to call or the
definition of function. Means if we made any change on formal argument not
affect on actual argument.

Actual argument means calling function argument and formal argument

means called function argument.

Following program demonstrate

the call by value.
#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int a,b,c;

clrscr();

void swap(int ,int);

printf(enter two values);

scanf(%d %d,&a,&b);

swap(a,b);

printf(A=%d\t B=%d\n,a,b);

getch();

void swap(int x,int y){

temp;

x=y;

y=temp;

printf(X=%d\t Y=%d\n,x,y);

Output:-

This program output

X=20 y=10

X=10 y=20
 If we swap the values in definition not effect on calling function
argument.

So the drawback of call by value is cannot access the more than

one return value from function because function return the single value
from function at a time.So the we need to call by value and call by
reference we send the address of calling function argument to called
function argument or actual argument address to the formal address

Call by reference:- in call by reference we need to pass the actual

argument address to formal argument so we need to declare argument type
is pointer declaration.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int a,b;

clrscr();

void swap(int *,int *);

printf(enter the two values );

scanf(%d%d,&a,&b);

swap(&a,&b);

printf(A=%d\t B=%d\n,a,b);
 getch();

void swap(int *x,int *y){

temp=*x;

*x=*y;

*y=temp;

printf(X=%d\t Y=%d\n,x,y);

This program generate the output

X=10 y=20

A=20 B=10.

FUNCTION RECURSION

Function recursion means when function call itself again

and again is called as function recursion. Function recursion is
a same like as loop.

OR
 Call same function within its definition is called as
function recursion.

Following program shows the use of function

recursion.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

void recursion(int);

int value;

clrscr();

printf(enter the value);

scanf(%d,&value);

recursion(value);

getch();

void recursion(int x){

If(x==0)
printf(stop function execution \n);

break;

else

printf(\n good morning);

recursion(x-1);// recuesive function call made here .

Output:-

Above program shows the five times good morning

message. because first time function call and jumb of function
definition then consider the value ofX is 5 then compare x value
with 0 in function definition then condition is false and execute
the else part of function and print good morning message then
execute the statement recursion (x-1)then x value is 4 and
function again jump on function definition and compare x value
with 0 then again condition is false print good morning message
this type of iterative work done whenever x value become a
zero. When x value is 0 then if condition true and give the
message stop function execution and stop the execution of
program.
7.3 Solved program of function

Finding the area and circumference of circle

using the function

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void find(int);

void main()

int radius;

clrscr();

printf(enter the radius of the circle);

scanf(%d,&radius);

find(radius);

getch();

voidfind(int)

{
 float area;

printf(\n inside the function);

area=3.14*r*r;

circum=2*3.14*r;

printf(\n the area of the circle %2.f,area);

printf(\n the circumference of the circle is %2f,circum);

Output:

Program for return the greatest element

from the array

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

int findgreat(int *);

 void main()

int num[10],i,gr;

clrscr();

printf(\n enter the elements of the array\n);

for(i=0;i<10;i++)

scanf(%d,&num[i]);

gr=finfgreat(num);

printf(\n the greatest elements of the array is %d,gr);

getch();

}
int findgreat(int *ptr)

int i,great;

great=*ptr;

for(i=1;i<10;i++)

{
ptr++;

if(*ptr>great)

great=*ptr;
 }

return great;

Output:

Program finding the cube using the

function.

#include<conio.h>

#include<stdio.h>

void cube(int x)

void main()
 {

int num,cube of num;

clrscr();

printf(enter the number);

scanf(%d,&num);

cubeofnum=cube(num);

printf(\n the cube of the number is %d,cubeofnum);

getch();

int cube (int x)

int y;

y=x*X*X;

printf(\n inside the function);

return y;

Returning factorial from the function.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

long findfact(int);

void main()

int num,i;

long fact;

clrscr();

printf(\n enter the number);

scanf(%d,&num);

fact=findfact(num);

printf(\n the factorial of %d is %ld,num,fact);

getch();

long findfact(int num)

int i;

long fact=1;

printf(\n inside the function);

 for(i=1;i<=num;i++)

fact=fact*i;

return fact;

Output:

Program finding the sum and average using

the function

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{
 int m1,m2,m3,m4,m5,total;

float average;

clrscr();

printf(\n marks of 5 subjects);

scanf(%d %d %d %d %d
,&m1,&m2,&m3,&m4,&m5);

getsum_avg(m1,m2,m3,m4,m5,&total,&average);

printf(\n the sum is %d,total);

printf(\n the average.is %f,average);

*s=m1+m2+m3+m4+m5;

*a= *s/5.0;

Finding the raise to power of number

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

getapower(int x);

void main()
 int num1,num2,power;

clrscr();

printf(enter any two number);

scanf(%d%d,&num1,&num2);

power=getpower(num1,num2);

printf(\n num1 raise to power num2 is %d,power);

getch();

}
int getpower (int num,int pow){

int i,z=1;

for(i=0;i<pow;i++)

z=z*num;

return z;

Finding the alternate number up to the

given range using the recursive function.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>
int add(int n);

void main()

int num,sum;

clrscr();

printf(\n enter the number);

scanf(%d,&num);

sum-add(num);

printf(\n the sum of the number is %d,sum);

getch();

int add(int n)

int sum;

if(n==0)

return 0;

else

if(n==1)

return 1;

sum=n+add(n-2);
return sum;

Output:
8. STRUCTURE
Structure is a user defined data type which is used to store the
different datatype in single variable structure cover the drawback of array
means array cannot store the different datatype in single variable.

How to use the structure of program

If we want to use the structure in program for that c language provides

the struct Keyword to us.

Syntax:- struct structure name

Datatype variablename;

Datatype variablename;

Datatype variablename;

};

e.g. struct student {

int id;

char name[80];

float marks;

};
 If i declare the structure in program but I want to use the structure
member in program.

Then what can i do.

For that we need to create the variable of type structure or variable

that structure.

What is role of structure variable in program

If we declare then structure not allocates memory means structure

member not stored in memory.but if we create the variable of that structure
then structure member stored in memory.after that we can use it in program.

How create the variable of structure

Struct structurename variablename;

e.g. struct student st;// st is the variable of structe we can use the
member of structure through st.

or

another way of structure variable creation.

Struct structure name

Datatype variable name;

Datatype variable name;

Datatype variable name;

 }

Variable1,variable2;

e.g. struct student

Int id;

Char name [80];

Float marks;

St,st1;

How to access the member of structure through the structure

variable

Syntax:- structvariable member of structure;

e.g. st id=100;

() dot is the member access operator which is used to access the

structure member outside of structure anywhere in programme.

Memory representation given as per above example

Id
name marks
 Integer String Float
value can value can value can
store store here store here
100 102
182

Above program shows the memory area of st variable

Because every character is 1 byte and its size is 80 and last variable
allocate 4 byte memory means overall size of st is 186 byte long.

Steps for structure use

1] Declare the structure

2] Create its variable

3] Access its member using structure variable member of structure.

8.1 Program demonstrate the how to use the
structure in program

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

struct student {

int id;

char name[80];

float marks;

};

struct student st;// create variable of type.

clrscr();

printf(enter the name of student \n);

scanf(%s,&st.name);//access name from structure

printf(enter the id of student \n);

scanf(%d,&st.id);//access id from structure

printf(enter the marks of student\n);

scanf(%f,&st.marks);
 printf(name is %s \n,st.name);

printf(id is %d\nst.id);

printf(marks is %f\n,st.marks);

getch();

Output:

In above example we cannot store the more than one structure data in
single variable if we required more than one student data then we need to
create the variable of structure as per your requirement so your programme
length increase unnecessary for that we can create the Array of structure.
8.2 Array of structure
If we create the array of structure variable then we can store the more
than one structure data in single variable.

How to create of array of the structure.

Syntax:- struct structurename variablename[size];

e.g. struct student st[5];

here the st is a variable of structure it will allocate the memory of

five structure.

Demonstrating the array of structure

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

struct student

char name[20]; int roll,age; };

main()

int i; struct student S[10];

 clrscr();

for(i=0;i<3;i++)

printf("\nEnter the details of the student : ");

scanf("%s %d %d",S[i].name,&S[i].roll,&S[i].age);

clrscr();

printf("\nThe details of the student are\n");

for(i=0;i<3;i++)

{ printf("\n%s \n%d
\n%d\n\n",S[i].name,S[i].roll,S[i].age);

getch(); return 0;

output:-
 What is the problem with above problem if we use the array then we
cannot give the more data than specified aize and if we give the less
element than size of array then remaining memory will not use.So we need
to create the dynamic memory allocation with structure means we need to
use the pointer with structure.
8.3 Program demonstrate use of dynamic
memory allocation with structure

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

Struct student

char name[20];

int roll,age;

};

void main()

Struct student *sptr;

clrscr();

sptr=(struct student *)malloc( sizeof (struct student));

printf(\n enter the details of the student :);

scanf(%S%d%d,&sptr->name,&sptr->roll,&sptr-
>age);

Printf(\n %s\n%d\n%d\n,sptr->name,sptr->roll,sptr-
>age);
 getch();

Output:

How to pass the structure in function

Syntax:- returntype functionname(struct structurename);

e.g. void accept(struct student);

if we want to pass the structure in function for that we need to declare

structure at globally
8.4 Program demonstrate function in structure

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

struct student

{ int id,char,name[90];

float marks;};

struct student st;

void main()

void accept(struct student );

clrscr();

accept(st);//pass all structure member from here

getch();

void accept(struct student st){

printf(enter the name of student\n);

scanf(%s,&st.name);

printf(enter the id of student \n);

scanf(%d,&st.id);

printf(enter the marks of student \n);

pcanf(%f,&st.marks);

printf(name is %s ,&st.name);

printf(id is %d,&st.id);

printf(marks %f,&st.marks);

Output:-
8.5 Demonstrating the structure array variable

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

struct book

char name[20], author[20];

int price;

B,B1,B2;

main()

struct book B; clrscr();

printf("Enter the name,author and the price of the book :

");

scanf("%s %s %d",B.name,B.author,&B.price);
printf("The details of book");

printf("\nName = %s",B.name); printf("\nAuthor =

%s",B.author);

printf("\nPrice = %d",B.price); getch();

 return 0;

output:-

Demonstrating the structure array

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

struct customer

{char name[20]; int age,acc_no; int balance;};

main()

struct customer C[10],C1; int deposit,i;

 clrscr();

for(i=0;i<3;i++)

printf("\nEnter the name,age,acc.no. and balance of

customer : ");

scanf("%s %d %d
%d",C[i].name,&C[i].age,&C[i].acc_no,&C[i].balance);

printf("\nEnter the amount to be deposited : ");

scanf("%d",&deposit);

C[i].balance += deposit;

for(i=0;i<3;i++)

printf("\n\nthe details of customer %d",i+1);

printf("\nName = %s \nAge = %d \nAcc. No = %d

\nBalance = %d",C[i].name,C[i].age,C[i].acc_no,C[i].balance);

getch();

return 0;

}
output:-
8.6 Passing and returning the structure variable
from the function

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

struct customer

{char name[20]; int age,acc_no; float balance;};

struct customer modify(struct customer);

main()

struct customer C;

clrscr();

printf("\nEnter the name,age,acc.no. and balance of

customer : ");

scanf("%s %d %d
%f",C.name,&C.age,&C.acc_no,&C.balance);

printf("\nThe details of customer ");

printf("\nName = %s \nAge = %d \nAcc. No = %d

\nBalance = %.2f",C.name,C.age,C.acc_no,C.balance);

C = modify(C);

printf("\nAfter depositing the amount the balance is

%.2f",C.balance); getch(); return 0;

struct customer modify(struct customer x)

int deposit; printf("\nEnter the amount to be deposited :

");

scanf("%d",&deposit); x.balance += deposit; return x;

Output:-
8.7 Demonstrating nesting of structure.

Nesting of structures

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

struct phone

int std; long local;};

struct address

int plotno; char city[20]; struct phone P;

};

struct bdate {int date,year; char month[10];};

struct student {char name[20]; int roll,age; struct

address A; struct bdate B;};

main()

struct student S; clrscr(); printf("\nEnter the name roll

and age of the student : ");
 scanf("%s %d %d",S.name,&S.roll,&S.age);
printf("\nEnter the plot number and the city : ");

scanf("%d %s",&S.A.plotno,S.A.city); printf("\nEnter

the date, month and the year : ");

scanf("%d %s
%d",&S.B.date,S.B.month,&S.B.year);printf("\nEnter the std
code and the local number ");

scanf("%d %ld",&S.A.P.std,&S.A.P.local);
printf("\nThe details of the studemt are \n ");

printf("\n%s \n%d
\n%d\n%d\n%s",S.name,S.roll,S.age,S.A.plotno,S.A.city);

printf("\nDate = %d Month = %s Year =

%d",S.B.date,S.B.month,S.B.year);

printf("\nThe std code and the local number are ");

printf("%d - %ld",S.A.P.std,S.A.P.local);

getch();

return 0;

Output:-
8.8 Demo of pointer variable of structure

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

struct student

char name[20]; int roll,age; }*sptr;

main()

struct student S; sptr = &S; clrscr(); printf("\nEnter

the details of the studemt ");

scanf("%s %d %d",sptr->name,&sptr->roll,&sptr-
>age); printf("\nthe details of the studemt are \n ");

printf("\n%s \n%d \n%d\n",sptr->name,sptr->roll,sptr-

>age); getch(); return 0;

Output:-
9. UNION
Union is also one kind of data type like structure. An union is variable
that may hold (at different times) objects of different types and size, with the
compiler keeping track of size and alignment requirements. Union provides
a way to manipulate different kind of data in single area of storage an union
will contain one of the may different types of value (as long as only one is
stored at a time).

The declaration and the usage of union is same as structure union hold
only one value for one datatype (if we new assignment is made the previous
value is automatically erased).

Declaring an union is similar to declaring structure. The general form

of union is.

Syntax:- union unionname {

Type number name 1;

Type number name2;

Type number name;

};

Union union name variable name;

9.1 Program demonstrate the use of union

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

union student

int id;

char name[80];float marks;

union student st;//create variable at type.

printf(enter the name of student \n);

scanf(%s,&st.name);//access name from structure.

printf(enter the id of student\n);

scanf(%d,&st.id);

printf(enter the marks of student\n);

scanf(%f,&st.marks);
printf(name is %s \n,st.name);

printf(id is %d\n,st.id);

printf(marks is %d\n ,st.marks);

getch();

Output:-

Name is anil

Id is 2

Marks is 90
10. STRING HANDLING IN C
String means collection of more than one character, string is used to
store the more than one character alphabetical data.

e.g. if we want to give the name, address, type data in application for
that we need to use the string.

How to declare the string or how to create the string

program

Syntax:- char variable name[size];

e.g. char name[5];//this declaration says name can store the 5

character data in it.

Memory representation of string

0 1 2
3 4

G I R I \0
100 101 102
103 104

\0 Indicate to us end of string. The character insert automatically by

compiler

How to input the string from scanf()for that use the %s format
specifier

Scanf(%s,string);

e.g. scanf(%s,name);

Following program shows accessing with

scanf () function

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

char name [80];

clrscr();

printf(enter the name of student \n);

scanf(%s,name);

printf(name is %s\n,name);

getch();

}
Output:
10.1 Demonstrating the string array

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

main()

int i; char name[5][10]; clrscr();

for(i=0;i<5;i++) { printf("\nEnter the string : ");

scanf("%s",name[i]); }

printf("\nThe strings are \n");

for(i=0;i<5;i++) { printf("\n%s",name[i]); }
getch(); return 0; }

output:-
10.2 Use of gets() and puts() function

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

char name[90];

clrscr();

puts(enter the name of student );

gets(name);

puts (name);

getch();

This program print the name with space because gets() has capability
to print the string with name.
10.3 STRING HANDLING FUNCTION
String handling function are used to perform the operation on string.

Following are the string handling function.

Strcpy():- the function is used to copy the one string to the another
string.

strcmp():- the function is used to perform the comparison between

two string.

Strlen():- this function is used to find the length of string.

Strcat():- this function is used to combine the two string.

Strupr():- this function is used to convert the lower case string to the
upper case string.

Strlwr():- this function is used to convert the uppercase string in to

the lower case .

Strrev():-this function is used to reverse the string.

11. FILE HANDLING
11.1 What is a File?
A file is a collection of related data that a computers treats as a
single unit.

Computers store files to secondary storage so that the contents

of files remain intact when a computer shuts down.

When a computer reads a file, it copies the file from the storage
device to memory; when it writes to a file, it transfers data from
memory to the storage device.

C uses a structure called FILE (defined in stdio.h) to store the

attributes of a file.
11.2 Steps in Processing a File
1. Create the stream via a pointer variable using the FILE
structure:
FILE *p;

2. Open the file, associating the stream name with the file name.

3. Read or write the data.

4. Close the file.

11.3 The basic file operations
fopen - open a file- specify how its opened (read/write) and
type (binary/text)

fclose - close an opened file

fread - read from a file

fwrite - write to a file

fseek/fsetpos - move a file pointer to somewhere in a file.

ftell/fgetpos - tell you where the file pointer is located.

11.4 File Open Modes

More on File Open Modes

Additionally,
 r+ - open for reading and writing, start at beginning

w+ - open for reading and writing (overwrite file)

a+ - open for reading and writing (append if file exists)

File Open
Syntax:
filepointer=fopen(filename, mode);

The file open function (fopen) serves two purposes:

It makes the connection between the physical file and the

stream.

It creates a program file structure to store the

information C needs to process the file.

More On fopen
The file mode tells C how the program will use the file.

The filename indicates the system name and location for the
file.

We assign the return value of fopen to our pointer variable:

spData = fopen(MYFILE.TXT, w);

spData = fopen(A:\\MYFILE.TXT, w);

More On fopen
 Closing a File

When we finish with a mode, we need to close the file before

ending the program or beginning another mode with that same
file.

To close a file, we use fclose and the pointer variable:

fclose(spData);

fprintf():-

Syntax:

fprintf (fp,"string",variables);
 Example:

int i = 12;

float x = 2.356;

char ch = 's';

FILE *fp;

fp=fopen(out.txt,w);

fprintf (fp, "%d %f %c", i, x, ch);

fscanf():-

Syntax:

fscanf (fp,"string",identifiers);

Example:

FILE *fp;

Fp=fopen(input.txt,r);

int i;

fscanf (fp,%d",i);

getc():-
 Syntax:

identifier = getc (file pointer);

Example:

FILE *fp;

fp=fopen(input.txt,r);

char ch;

ch = getc (fp);

putc():-

write a single character to the output file,

pointed to by fp.

Example:
FILE *fp;

char ch;

putc (ch,fp);

End of File

There are a number of ways to test for the end-of-file

condition. Another way is to use the value returned by the
fscanf function:

FILE *fptr1;

int istatus ;

istatus = fscanf (fptr1, "%d", &var) ;

if ( istatus == feof(fptr1) )

printf ("End-of-file encountered.\n) ;

Reading and Writing Files

#include <stdio.h>

int main ( )

FILE *outfile, *infile ;

int b = 5, f ;

float a = 13.72, c = 6.68, e, g ;

outfile = fopen ("testdata", "w") ;

fprintf (outfile, %f %d %f ", a, b, c) ;

fclose (outfile) ;

infile = fopen ("testdata", "r") ;

fscanf (infile,"%f %d %f", &e, &f, &g) ;

printf ( %f %d %f \n ", a, b, c) ;

printf ( %f %d %f \n ", e, f, g) ;

Example

#include <stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

char ch;

FILE *fp;

fp=fopen("out.txt","r");

while(!feof(fp))

ch=getc(fp);
 printf("\n%c",ch);

getch();

fread ():-

Declaration:

size_t fread(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t n, FILE *stream);

Remarks:

fread reads a specified number of equal-sized

data items from an input stream into a block.

ptr = Points to a block into which data is read

size = Length of each item read, in bytes

n = Number of items read

stream = file pointer

Example:
 #include <stdio.h>

int main()

FILE *f;

char buffer[11];

if (f = fopen("fred.txt", r))

fread(buffer, 1, 10, f);

buffer[10] = 0;

fclose(f);

printf("first 10 characters of the file:\n%s\n", buffer);

return 0;

fwrite():-

Declaration:

size_t fwrite(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t n,

FILE*stream);
 Remarks:

fwrite appends a specified number of equal-sized data

items to an output file.

ptr = Pointer to any object; the data written begins

at ptr

size = Length of each item of data

n =Number of data items to be appended

stream = file pointer

Example

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

char a[10]={'1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9','a'};

FILE *fs;

fs=fopen("Project.txt","w");

fwrite(a,1,10,fs);
 fclose(fs);

return 0;

fseek():-

This function sets the file position indicator for the stream
pointed to by stream or you can say it seeks a specified place
within a file and modify it.

SEEK_SET Seeks from beginning of file

SEEK_CUR Seeks from current position

SEEK_END Seeks from end of file

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

intmain()

{
FILE * f;
 f = fopen("myfile.txt", "w");
fputs("Hello World", f);
fseek(f, 6, SEEK_SET); SEEK_CUR,
SEEK_END
fputs(" India", f);
fclose(f);
return 0;
}

ftell():-

offset = ftell( file pointer );

"ftell" returns the current position for input or output

on the file

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)

FILE *stream;

stream = fopen("MYFILE.TXT", "w");

fprintf(stream, "This is a test");

printf("The file pointer is at byte %ld\n",

ftell(stream));

fclose(stream);

return 0;