Basics of Contiki-OS and using it for Wireless

Sensor Network Applications

Shantanoo Desai
prepared for:
Prof. Dr. Anna Frster

Sustainable Communication Networks

University of Bremen

20th November 2015

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 Outline
CONTIKI-OS
Contiki in a nutshell
Requirements
Getting Started
Initial Steps
File Structure in Contiki
Terminal Basics
First Program in Contiki: Hello-World
Programming using Terminal
Hello-World files
Getting Output
Understanding codes in Contiki
Programming a Sensor Node
TelosB Sensor Node
Connecting the TelosB to Contiki-OS
Hello-World program on TelosB
Cooja Simulator in Contiki-OS
Hello-World Simulation with Cooja
Adding Sensor Nodes to Cooja
Mote Output in Cooja
References

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 Contents of this section

CONTIKI-OS
Contiki in a nutshell
Requirements

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 What is Contiki?

CONTIKI-OS in a nutshell:
Complete environment for programming Sensor Nodes
Has everything for getting started in making Applications
In-built simulator called COOJA
Large pool of sensor compatibility e.g. TelosB, Zolertia Z1

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 Requirements

Requirements before we begin:

VMware Virtual Player
VMware Workstation 12 Player (recent)
Instant Contiki
Instant Contiki version 2.7/3.0
LOST??? - refer to this :
www.contiki-os.org/start.html and follow the steps.

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 Contents of this section

Getting Started
Initial Steps
File Structure in Contiki
Terminal Basics

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 Getting Started

Open VMWare player and click on Open a Virtual Machine

(Dont Worry ! if it looks different for Windows or MAC-OS! this

is for Ubuntu.)

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 Getting Started (contd.)
Navigate to your Instant Contiki 2.7 folder and select the
.vmx file
After booting of the virtual machine, Login with password:
user

Figure: First look of Contiki-OS

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 File Structure in Contiki
Click on Places and then Home folder (top left corner)
target folders: contiki & contiki-2.7 (choose any one and
see the folders)

Figure: File Structure in Contiki

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 Folders in Contiki and their Usage
apps: applications like webbrowser, telnet etc.

core: source codes for main core of Contiki

core/dev: source codes for devices such has LED, battery

sensor, button etc.

core/net: folders for MAC, and RPL routing protocol, IPv6

and IPv4, queuing packets and buffers etc.

cpu: source files for all computational units for sensor

nodes

examples: Implementation of applications

tools: general tools for testing applications

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 Terminal basics
[fragile] open terminal on the Desktop screen
pwd shows the present working directory

ls lists all the files/folders in the present directory

cd FOLDERNAME to change directory from present to the

desired one (example: from home directory to contiki-2.7)

cd .. return to the previous directory

mkdir FOLDERNAME makes a directory in the present

working directory

gedit FILENAME if you want to open a GUI based text

editor

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 Contents of this section

First Program in Contiki: Hello-World

Programming using Terminal
Hello-World files
Getting Output
Understanding codes in Contiki

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 Programming Basic: Hello-World

Programming using Terminal is Contiki-OS is preferred choice

since it makes creation of files, compilation and outputs easier
to view and manage.
1. Open terminal, change directory to either contiki or
contiki-2.7 1
2. change to the examples folder
current directory contiki-2.7/examples/
3. change to the hello-world folder
current directory contiki-2.7/examples/hello-world

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Hint: type cd and type half of the word and press Tab key for the
completion

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 Inside the Hello-world folder

Files observed in the folder 2

hello-world.c: simple program in Contiki-OS
Makefile: file to control compilation through terminal
hello-world.csc: simple simulation file using COOJA
simulator
README.md: a basic manual for the example

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HINT: use ls command

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 Getting Outputs in Contiki-OS

Assuming the present working directory is

contiki-2.7/examples/hello-world do the following:
Currently without any sensor node inserted into the USB
slots, in Terminal type make and press enter
after processing is done, type ./hello-world.native 3
Observe the Output "Hello, world"
to terminate program press CTRL+C

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use Tab key instead of typing everything

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 hello-world.c: How does it work?

#include "contiki.h" /* For contiki applications */

#include <stdio.h> /* printf() function usage */

/* Contiki application : Declare the PROCESS */

PROCESS(name_of_your_process, "Process Name");
/* Start your PROCESS */
AUTOSTART_PROCESSES(&name_of_your_process);

/* Declare what the PROCESS DOES*/

PROCESS_THREAD(name_of_your_process, ev, data)
{
PROCESS_BEGIN(); /* Begin the PROCESS*/
printf("Hello, world");
PROCESS_END(); /* end the PROCESS */
}

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 Makefile in Contiki
Makefile is used to compile the source code into appropriate
object files for execution. In the main directory there exists a
Makefile.include that is necessary for compilation with or
without platforms.

# Comments using Pound Sign (#) in Makefile

CONTIKI_PROJECT = your-filename/s #Can be more files
all: $(CONTIKI_PROJECT) # take all the files

current folder is contiki-2.7/examples/hello-world and you want

to find the Makefile.include in contiki-2.7 folder and use it here

CONTIKI = ../..
include $(CONTIKI)/Makefile.include

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 Contents of this section

Programming a Sensor Node

TelosB Sensor Node
Connecting the TelosB to Contiki-OS
Hello-World program on TelosB

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 TelosB Sensor Node Functionalities

Figure: TelosB Sensor Node

Picture Courtesy: www.wsnblog.com

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 Initial Connectivity check for Sensor node

To check connectivity to the Virtual Machine do the following:

Insert the TelosB in USB slot
In the Virtual Machine Player click on the tab Virtual
Machine
scroll to Removable Devices and check for TelosB
click on TelosB and click on Connect(disconnect from
host)
It is always advisable to perform these steps when
connecting/disconnecting sensor nodes to Contiki-OS

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 Hello-World on TelosB
In contiki-2.7/examples/hello-world do the following in the
Terminal:
make TARGET=sky savetarget
make motelist
make hello-world.upload
make login
Understanding each line:
the first input will make the directory target only for TelosB
Sky node (good to do when using only one type of Sensor
node)
the second input will display on which USB port the TelosB
is connected
the third input will upload the code onto the TelosB
the last line will create a login to the TelosB
Press RESET button on the TelosB and observe output

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 Output on TelosB

connecting to /dev/ttyUSB0 (115200) [OK]

Rime started with address 50.0
MAC 32:00:00:00:00:00:00:00 Contiki 2.7 started.
Node id is set to 50.
CSMA ContikiMAC, channel check rate 8 Hz,
radio channel 26
Starting Hello world process
Hello, world

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 Contents of this section

Cooja Simulator in Contiki-OS

Hello-World Simulation with Cooja
Adding Sensor Nodes to Cooja
Mote Output in Cooja

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 Running Cooja in Contiki
In Terminal:
$ cd contiki-2.7/tools/cooja
$ ant run

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 Getting Started

Click on File New Simulation

Give a name for the simulation project, click Create

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Cooja Environment

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Adding Sensor Nodes (Motes) in Simulation

Click on MOTES Add MOTES

In the Create New Mote Type, select Sky Mote
In the Dialog Box that appears, click on Browse and
navigate to contiki-2.7/examples/hello-world
select the hello-world.c file and click on Compile button,
After that click on Create

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Adding Sensor Nodes (Motes) in Simulation

after pressing Create, window to add number of Motes in

Simulation and their positions appears
add 2 or any number of motes as per wish . . .

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Adding Sensor Nodes (Motes) in Simulation
The motes are placed randomly in the Network dialog box.
use the View title-bar option in the Network for adding
visual aide to the simulation
Press Start to run simulation

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 Mote Output in Cooja
Observe the output in the Mote Output Dialog box . . .
Similar to the output in Terminal with actual Sky mote
connected but only difference of MAC address

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 Exploring More in Cooja

Right Click on any mote and go through many options

available.
Make Projects run in COOJA from Terminal
In the Terminal navigate to the desired project folder which
has a .csc file in it
in Terminal
make TARGET=cooja filename.csc
Last Line automatically starts the simulator without having to
manually add motes.

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 REFERENCES

for better in-depth understanding for Programming in CONTIKI

Contiki-WIKI:
https://github.com/contiki-os/contiki/wiki
PROCESSES:
https://github.com/contiki-os/contiki/wiki/
Processes

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